What Is a Supercontinent

The concept of a supercontinent is irresistible: what happens when the worlds drifting continents clump together in one big lump, surrounded by a single world ocean? Alfred Wegener, starting in 1912, was the first scientist to discuss supercontinents seriously, as part of his theory of continental motion. He combined a body of new and old evidence to show that the Earths continents had once been united in a single body, back in late Paleozoic time. At first, he simply called it Urkontinent but soon gave it the name Pangaea (all Earth). Wegeners theory was the basis of todays plate tectonics. Once we had a grasp of how continents had moved in the past, scientists were quick to look for earlier Pangaeas. These were spotted as possibilities as early as 1962, and today we have settled on four. And we already have a name for the next supercontinent! What Supercontinents Are The idea of a supercontinent is that most of the worlds continents are pushed together. The thing to realize is that todays continents are patchworks of pieces of older continents. These pieces are called cratons (cray-tonns), and specialists are as familiar with them as diplomats are with todays nations. The block of ancient continental crust under much of the Mojave Desert, for instance, is known as Mojavia. Before it became part of North America, it had its own separate history. The crust beneath much of Scandinavia is known as Baltica; the Precambrian core of Brazil is Amazonia, and so on. Africa contains the cratons Kaapvaal, Kalahari, Sahara, Hoggar, Congo, West Africa and more, all of which have wandered about during the last two or three billion years. Supercontinents, like ordinary continents, are temporary in the eyes of geologists. The common working definition of a supercontinent is that it involved about 75 percent of the existing continental crust. It may be that one part of the supercontinent was breaking up while another part was still forming. It may be that the supercontinent included long-lived fissures and gaps—we simply cant tell with the information available, and may never be able to tell. But naming a supercontinent, whatever it really was, means that specialists believe theres something to discuss. There is no widely accepted map for any of these supercontinents, except for the latest one, Pangaea. Here are the four most widely recognized supercontinents, plus the supercontinent of the future. Kenorland The evidence is sketchy, but several different researchers have proposed a version of a supercontinent that combined the craton complexes Vaalbara, Superia and Sclavia. Various dates are given for it, so its best to say that it existed around 2500 million years ago (2500 Ma), in the late Archean and early Proterozoic eons. The name comes from the Kenoran orogeny, or mountain-building event, recorded in Canada and the United States (where its called the Algoman orogeny). Another name proposed for this supercontinent is Paleopangaea. Columbia Columbia is the name, proposed in 2002 by John Rogers and M. Santosh, for an aggregation of cratons that finished coming together about 2100 Ma and finished breaking up around 1400 Ma. Its time of maximum packing was around 1600 Ma. Other names for it, or its larger pieces, have included Hudson or Hudsonia, Nena, Nuna, and Protopangaea. The core of Columbia is still intact as the Canadian Shield or Laurentia, which today is the worlds largest craton. (Paul Hoffman, who coined the name Nuna, memorably called Laurentia the United Plates of America.) Columbia was named for the Columbia region of North America (the Pacific Northwest, or northwestern Laurentia), which was supposedly connected to eastern India at the time of the supercontinent. There are as many different configurations of Columbia as there are researchers. Rodinia Rodinia came together around 1100 Ma and reached its maximum packing around 1000 Ma, combining most of the worlds cratons. It was named in 1990 by Mark and Diana McMenamin, who used a Russian word signifying to beget to suggest that all of todays continents are derived from it and that the first complex animals evolved in the coastal seas around it. They were led to the idea of Rodinia by evolutionary evidence, but the dirty work of putting the pieces together was done by specialists in paleomagnetism, igneous petrology, detailed field mapping, and zircon provenance. Rodinia appears to have lasted about 400 million years before fragmenting for good, between 800 and 600 Ma. The corresponding giant world ocean that lay around it is named Mirovia, from the Russian word for global. Unlike the previous supercontinents, Rodinia is well established among the community of specialists. Yet most of the details about it—its history and configuration—are strongly debated. Pangaea Pangaea came together about 300 Ma, in late Carboniferous time. Because it was the latest supercontinent, the evidence of its existence has not been obscured by a lot of later plate collisions and mountain-building. It appears to have been a complete supercontinent, encompassing up to 90 percent of all continental crust. The corresponding sea, Panthalassa, must have been a mighty thing, and between the great continent and the great ocean, it is easy to envision some dramatic and interesting climatic contrasts. The southern end of Pangaea covered the South Pole and was heavily glaciated at times. Starting about 200 Ma, during the Triassic time, Pangaea broke apart into two very large continents, Laurasia in the north and Gondwana (or Gondwanaland) in the south, separated by the Tethys Sea. These, in turn, separated into the continents we have today. Amasia The way things are going today, the North American continent is heading toward Asia, and if nothing changes dramatically the two continents will fuse into a fifth supercontinent. Africa is already on its way to Europe, closing the last remnant of the Tethys that we know as the Mediterranean Sea. Australia is currently moving northward toward Asia. Antarctica would follow, and the Atlantic Ocean would expand into a new Panthalassa. This future supercontinent, popularly called Amasia, should take shape starting in about 50 to 200 million years (that is, –50 to –200 Ma). What Supercontinents (Might) Mean Would a supercontinent make Earth lopsided? In Wegeners original theory, Pangaea did something like that. He thought that the supercontinent split apart because of the centrifugal force of the Earths rotation, with the pieces we know today as Africa, Australia, India, and South America splitting off and going separate ways. But theorists soon showed that this wouldnt happen. Today we explain continental motions by the mechanisms of plate tectonics. Movements of the plates are interactions between the cold surface and the hot interior of the planet. Continental rocks are enriched in the heat-making radioactive elements uranium, thorium and potassium. If one continent covers one large patch of the Earths surface (about 35 percent of it) in a big warm blanket, that suggests that the mantle underneath would slow down its activity while under the surrounding oceanic crust the mantle would liven up, the way a boiling pot on the stove quickens when you blow on it. Is such a scenario unstable? It must be, because every supercontinent so far has broken up rather than hanging together. Theorists are working on the ways this dynamic would play out, then testing their ideas against the geologic evidence. Nothing yet is settled fact.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight color Essay - 1412 Words

Though often extensive detail may be condemned as mere flowery language, in understanding Sir Gawain and the Green Knight one must make special emphasis on it. In color and imagery itself, the unknown author paints the very fibers of this work, allowing Sir Gawain to discern the nuances of ritualistic chivalry and truth. His quest after the Green Knight is as simple as ones quest toward himself. Through acute awareness of the physical world he encounters Gawain comes to an understanding of the world beyond chivalry, a connection to G-d, the source of truth. He learns, chivalry, like a machine, will always function properly, but in order to derive meaning from its product he must allow nature to affect him. At the onset of Sir Gawain and†¦show more content†¦He appears with no armor to shield him from feeling the world, in fact his green appearance, though brawny in description, does contain undertones of green passivity. He is neither depicted as spiritual blue, nor warm emotional yellow, rather the fusion of the two, devilish green. To live in a state of uncertainty is the antithesis of mid-evil chivalry. It is a knights’ duty to know his place in society and to whom he serves, not to think or feel therefore when Gawain asks the Green Knight for instructions to find his home, the Knight gives no formal address, rather an experiential response. He says â€Å"If I tell you true, when I have taken your knock†¦ you shall hear straightaway of my house and home and my own name† (398-399). This statement forces Gawain to live in the reality and emotion of the moment rather then set out on his quest upon social consequences. In search of the Green Knight, Gawain travels through the wilderness and comes to recognize his true subordination to nature and not merely social constructs. It is amidst his battling of vicious beasts, cold rain, wild forests and more, where he begins to feel the mortality of mankind and the need to pray to a greater being that â€Å"Mary may be his guide† (738). This prayer and recognition of a larger force beyond him leads directly to the discovery of the Palace of Bertilak de Hautdesert. While the palace of Bertilak de Hautdesert isShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight955 Words   |  4 Pagesthe classic medieval poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight that is used to form a more captivating story and construct a deeper meaning to the plot. The color green certainly is a prominent color in the poem, especially with the Green Knight, who is literally green from head to toe. The Green Knight makes quite the entrance on his horse as he rides into Camelot disrupting King Arthur and his knight’s New Year’s Feast. The Green Knight has come to find out if the Knights of the Round Table are as loyalRead MoreArchetypes In Sir Gawain And The Green Knight829 Words   |  4 Pagesespecially in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight most characters or objects served to aid in the development of the hero by being either a situational, character, color, or a symbol archetype. The poem begins with a challenge being pres ented to the knights of the Round Table by the Green Knight. While seeing that no one else will accept the challenge, putting Camelot’s honor at stake, Gawain accepts and then realizes that in a year they must meet again and the Green KnightRead MoreArchetypal Characters In Sir Gawain And The Green Knight : Character Analysis1143 Words   |  5 Pagesmiddle ages of literature, a story such as Sir Gawain and the Green Knight had many aspects of Joseph Campbell’s view of the hero’s journey. In the story of our character Sir Gawain accepts a â€Å"Call to adventure† (Campbell 45) and goes on a quest that will go through many of the archetypes. Likewise, there lies one character, The Green Knight, that can be many of the archetypal characters in the cycle of the hero’s journey. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight dramatically demonstrates how a single characterRead MoreSir Gawain and The Green Knight1018 Words   |  5 Pages Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Prompt #1 â€Å"Sir Gawain, think on this when you go forth among great princes (Gawain poet.373-374.243).† The Medieval Age had a general literary focus about Romance; the stories in that era consisted of imaginative adventures containing faraway places following the chivalric code, similar to fairytales. Writers often use symbolism to give significance to the plot and reference a deeper meaning. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the poet uses symbolism to representRead MoreSocial Tension and the Pantheistic Call back to Nature As illustrated in â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight†945 Words   |  4 Pagesnature† (Kline 3). â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† highlights this social/religious transition and conflict through the Green Knight and his juxtapositions throughout the tale with Sir Gawain. Thus the tale portrays the differences in the new and old orders and makes a definitive statement about each through the allegorical and symbolical representatio ns of the Green Knight. Most superficially and thus most notably to the reader, the Green Knight enters the tale â€Å"in guise all of green [including] theRead MoreExamples Of Archetypes In Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1223 Words   |  5 Pagesin fantasy and reality. An example would be the renowned medieval story Sir Gawain and the Green Knight by Pearl Poet. The author permeates the story with situational, symbolic, and character archetypes that illustrate the profound life of Sir Gawain. Sir Gawain was apprehensive of his journey at first, but as time passes, he began to make choices that unveils to the audience the true flawed knight that he was. During Sir Gawain’s journey, he is met with countless types of situational archetypesRead MoreArchetypes In Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1100 Words   |  5 Pagestrend in the poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Despite common belief, though, other elements of a story allow for analyzation as well. In fact, a number of archetypal situations, characters, colors, and symbols appear in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight that serve to promote Gawain’s moral development. Unfortunately, Joseph Campbell fails to discuss the significance that colors play in a story, but the colors (specifically green, red and gold) in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight play a very significantRead MoreOutline Of Grendel And The Green Knight1013 Words   |  5 PagesGrendel and the Green Knight I. Introduction II. Grendel’s Malicious Ways a. Why He Does What He Does b. Grendel’s Demise c. Symbol Grendel Wishes To Represent III. Green Knight’s Ways a. The Challenge at Hand b. Results of the Conflict c. Sir Gawain’s Repentance of Shame IV. The Unseen Pattern a. Beowulf’s Lesson? b. Sir Gawain’s Lesson c. Who gets more out of the Journey? V. Conclusion Russ Williams 19 September 2015 Dr. Daniel Pigg Out of Class Essay #1 Grendel and the Green Knight After goingRead MoreSir Gawain and the Green Knight: Symbolism and Moral Seriousness1047 Words   |  5 PagesIn the opening lines of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the Gawain-poet predicates the numerous dualities—which lead the reader through questions of moral seriousness—that exist in the poem. The opening historical recounting, according to Richard Hamilton Green, reminds the reader that â€Å"the greatness of the past is marred by reminders of failure† (179). The paradox of triumph and greatness arising out of failure foreshadows Sir Gawain following the same pattern of fate as his predecessors. WhileRead MoreSymbolism Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1150 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism in Sir Gawain The Green Knight â€Å"Sir Gawain The Green Knight† is a classic medieval poem about a chivalrous knight on a journey to the Green Chapel. King Arthur’s nephew, Sir Gawain has been challenged by the Green Knight in a â€Å"beheading game,† where he has agreed to exchange a blow in the head towards the Green Knight, to be returned to him the following New Years in journeying to the Green Chapel. Gawain has to battle whether his knightly virtues are more important than his own life

Criminal Profiling Essay example - 1826 Words

The process of inferring the personality characteristics of individuals responsible for committing criminal acts has commonly been referred to as criminal profiling. (Turvey) Criminal profiling can also be referred to as, behavioral profiling because when a profiler creates a profile they refer to the behavior of the offender. The general term criminal profiling can also be referred to as crime scene profiling, criminal personality profiling, offender profiling, psychological profiling and criminal investigative analysis. All the terms listed above are used inconsistently and interchangeably. Modern criminal profiling is owing to a diverse history grounded in the study of criminal behavior (criminology), the study of mental illness†¦show more content†¦Secondly, the physical aspects of the victim are important as well; is the victim is heavy, and was dragged for a long distance, it can be surmised that the criminal is strong and may have a muscular appearance. (Patterson) Victimology is first and foremost an investigative tool, providing context, connections, and investigative direction. (Turvey) Some people may ask, â€Å"Why profile the victim?† but profiling the victim is a very important element that helps profilers better understand the criminal. Profilers look at the general lifestyle and activities of the victim in order to know who had access to them and when. Knowing the victim and properly profiling them may establish a relational link between the victim and criminal. When profiling a victim it is important to look at them as a real person as well as a victim. Some investigators and detectives have a tendency to deify or vilify the victim in a case. Deification involves idealizing victims. For example, Two nine-year-old girls are abducted from a bus stop. Both are found dead in a drainage ditch the next day, disposed of less than 100 yards away. The press refers to the victims as â€Å"fallen little angels,† and the investigators do not conduct an investigation into the victims’ family histories, focusing instead on a possible serialShow MoreRelatedCriminal Profiling1917 Words   |  8 PagesCriminal Profiling The term â€Å"serial killer† was derived from a man named Robert K. Ressler, who, in the 1970’s deemed this term because of the term the English used; â€Å"crimes in a series† and because of the serial films he grew up watching. (Freeman, 2007) Prior to the term serial killer, people would use the terms, mass murders and stranger-on-stranger crime. The definition of a serial killer, according to dictionary.com is; â€Å"a person who attacks and kills victims one by one in a seriesRead MoreRacial Profiling And Criminal Profiling Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesRacial Profiling Vs Criminal Profiling Camilo Paez Briarcliffe College Professor Keirnan 11/13/2016 â€Æ' Executive summary Racial Profiling is a big problem is society. Over time you become biased of certain groups which is good and bad. Criminal profiling helps keep the bad guys off the streets. This maybe be also linked with being racist according to the people stopped by police. As a police officer you never win because no one wants to go to jail. It is very hard to â€Æ' Racial Profiling VsRead MoreCriminal Profiling And Racial Profiling1373 Words   |  6 PagesCriminal Profiling and Racial Profiling. Criminal profiling has been around since the 1880’s, and up to this day, that method still has not had a great success rate. Also, racial profiling has not had a great success rate either through the years. At times, innocent people get detained and charged with crimes that they never committed due to matching the characteristics of other suspects. In other words, creating assumptions that will narrow down a suspect is just not the best method to utilizeRead MoreEssay on Criminal Profiling1253 Words   |  6 PagesCriminal profiling is one of few first things to think of when it comes to forensic psychology. Criminal profiling is featured in popular television shows such as in Law and Order and CSI. Often in those shows, the police officers were able to catch the criminals based on the criminal profile that forensic psychologists came up with. In a theory, the polices rely on criminal profiling to catch criminals, educate the public about a possible criminal, and confirm t he witnesses’ accounts. CriminalRead MoreCriminal Profiling Essay2440 Words   |  10 PagesThe Origin and Art of Criminal Profiling Sawyer Thompson Southwest Baptist University December 13, 2011 Abstract Criminal profiling is a process by which investigators attempt to solve a crime through careful analyzing of data and patterns. It can be found in numerous places throughout history, from the Roman Catholic Church to World War II to the present day. It officially began in the Behavioral Science Unit; Howard Teten, Pat Mullany, Robert Ressler, and JohnRead MoreThe Validity Of Criminal Profiling Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesThe Validity of Criminal Profiling and its Effectiveness on Solving Crime In law, law enforcement relies on a variety of approaches to solving crimes. One method of doing so, is criminal profiling. Police use criminal profiling as an aid to identify the typology of individuals most likely to fit the suspect profile. In this approach, evidence of a crime is used to identify the characteristics of the criminal in relation to their personality and psychological state of mind. As wellRead MoreCriminal Profiling, Criminal, And Forensic Psychology1226 Words   |  5 PagesCriminal profiling is another subject of criminal and forensic psychology, which is probably one of the oldest studies of forensic science. Criminal profiling has been called many things, such as behavioral profiling, crime scene profiling, criminal personality profiling, psychological profiling, and more recently even criminal investigation analysis. Criminal profiling’s history has come from a history of criminal behavior, the study of mental illnesses, and forensic ex aminations. Criminal profilingRead MoreOverview of Criminal Profiling Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesBeing a criminal profiler is not like it is on all the television shows, but it is still an interesting and important job. Criminal profilers have been used to close many police and federal cases. They work in several homicide cases involving rape, racial killings, brutal killings, and involving serial killers. They help make it easier for the police to find the right person by examining the crime scene. Being a criminal profiler is a tough job but with hard work and dedication it is a great careerRead MoreWhat is the importance of Criminal Profiling?1311 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿What is the importance of Criminal Profiling? By Tiffany Collier Criminal Profiling is a great way to try to understand the suspect as a person. It is necessary to learn who the individual is in order to track and locate them. The person’s information is vital to an investigation. Things such as habits, history of violence, family, education, schedules/routines, and personality traits just to name a few. This new development of investigating is helpful in obtaining fugitives quickerRead MoreCriminal Profiling And The Law Enforcement2100 Words   |  9 PagesCriminal profiling is the investigative profession that is used to help the law enforcement and the government agencies to pursue unknown perpetrators. It objectively seeks to identify the major personality and the behavioral characteristics of the serial offenders based on a thorough analysis of the crimes committed. It includes the combination of the analysis of the physical and the behavioral evidence. This study aims at analyzing criminal profiling on the basis of its basic elem ents and its use

Business Analysis of 20th Century Insurance Essay

Business Analysis of 20th Century Insurance Table of Contents History, Position, Targeted Market, Goals Page 3 Northridge Earthquake, Crisis Page 4 Comeback Kid, Results of PR Campaign Page 6 Developing a Crisis Plan, Page 7 Crisis Team, Milestones for Communication Page 8 Issues Page 9 Plan Approval, Anticipated competitive responses Page 11 Recommended press release Page 14 References Page 15 Appendix A†¦show more content†¦They were exploring plans to expand their business by selling insurance in other states such as, Arizona, Nevada and Oregon. The company was also looking at the idea of possibly changing the companys name, in light of the newly approaching 21st Century. However, all its plans for growth were immediately put on hold due to the January 17, 1994, magnitude-6.7, Northridge Earthquake that cost the company over $1,065 billion. The Northridge Earthquake The Northridge Earthquake was recently characterized as one of this nations most costly disasters ever, as it has been 20th Centurys most costly and devastating in terms of its finances, reputation and survival. In the past five years since this catastrophic occurrence, 20th has encountered near financial ruin, class action lawsuits filed by homeowners, name smearing and accusations of illegal business dealings made to the press by their disgruntled claims manager and a near take-over of the company by their financial savior Automobile Insurance Group (AIG). This series of events could have been described by many as a Public Relations nightmare for the company, instead, 20th chose to look at it as their biggest opportunity to do PR. 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At the end of the 20th Century, the Human Resource function focused more on developing their leaders due to the increase of technology and globalization, (â€Å"Brief History of Human Resources and HR Management†Read MoreA Country Risk Assessments, Mitigation Strategies And Analysis For Myanmar, Mexico And Turkey Countries1741 Words   |  7 Pages___________________________________________________________ NOTE: Complete country risk assessments, mitigation strategies and analysis for Myanmar, Mexico and Turkey Countries are based considering Acme Overseas Contractors. 1. POLITICAL STRUCTURE AND POLITICAL RISKS IN EACH COUNTRY: (a.) Myanmar (Burma): Political Structure: Myanmar has been ruled by the military Junta from mid 20th century to early 21st century for almost 50 years and had the complete power and grip over country and political situation. The 2010Read MoreHistory of Statistics1100 Words   |  5 Pagestime, there have been changes to the interpretation of the word  statistics. By the 18th century, the term statistics designated the  systematic collection  ofdemographic  and  economic  data by states. In the early 19th century, the meaning of statistics broadened to include the discipline concerned with the collection, summary, and analysis of data. Today statistics is widely employed in government, business, and all the sciences. Electronic  computers  have expedited  statistical computation, and haveRead MoreGlobal Warming Affects International Business1182 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the 20th century, the earth s average surface temperature increased by 0.6 °  ± ().2 °C (Folland et al. 2001), and there’s strong evidence that human activities are the main cause of this trend (Mitchell et al. 2001). This increase in global surface temperature is thought to have at least some effect on the frequency of extreme weather events due to climate changes (Folland et al. 2001), and there is concern that these changes will have an enormous impact on various industries (Hitz and SmithRead MoreMission Of The Company 41500 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Æ' A. Executive Summary 4 A1. Company Identification 4 A2. Mission of the Company 4 A3. Business Goals 4 A4. Keys to Success 4 B. Company Summary 5 B1. Industry History 5 B2. Legal Form of Ownership 5 B3. Location and Facilities 5 B4. Management Structure 5 B5. Products and Services 5 C. Market Analysis 6 C1. Target Market 6 C2. Industry Analysis 6 C3. SWOT Analysis 7 D. Market Strategy 8 D1. 4Ps 8 D2. Price List 8 D3. Promotional Strategy 8 D4. Sales Forecast 8 E. Implementation StrategyRead MoreIndustry History : A Company1543 Words   |  7 Pagesin Europe in the fourteenth century. 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From my research, I have conducted that although there are manyRead MoreIncome Inequality And The Distribution Of Wealth And Income1705 Words   |  7 Pagesunemployment insurance, old age security, and child benefits) which play an important role in reducing income inequality. The Nigerian government’s regulations unlike the Canadian government is ineffective in reducing the income inequality. Nigerian economy over the years have deteriorated to the extent that government in the country are considering selling major social amenities to private individuals and foreigners. The question is income inequality beneficial to individuals or business corporationsRead MoreHow Did World War II Affect Women s Rights1996 Words   |  8 Pagesin the past century, this investigation will provide an in-depth analysis of what rights have truly been gained, at what pace, when and to what extent, specifically in regards to Canadian women in the labor force. Therefore, the question as to â€Å"How did World War II affect Women’s Rights in the Labor Force of Canada?† will be investigated by first representing three sources (all scholarly articles), Women and Income Security in the Post-War Period: The Case of Unemployment Insurance, 1945-1962 ByRead MoreMicroeconomics Concepts in a UK-Based Organization: A Case Analysis of Barclays1784 Words   |  7 PagesEvery organization has to analyze its business environment before making policies and strategies for its day to day operations, marketing and promotional efforts, and competing with the industry rivals (Loudon, Stevens, Wrenn 2004). The key factors of the business environment that affect the business operations of a company include political, economic, technological, environmental, cultural, and demographical factors. In addition to these factors, an analysis of the competitive forces is also essential

Sentinel Event Free Essays

string(125) " room nurse did not alert the PACU nurse to this important information upon transfer of the SP from the OR to the PACU area\." A1. Sentinel Event Review of the medical record for the specified patient (SP) was completed 09/16/12. The medical record revealed that the SP was a minor child with a diagnosis of history of frequent and recurrent tonsillitis and was scheduled to have the tonsils and adenoids removed 09/14/12 at 10:30 AM as an outpatient procedure. We will write a custom essay sample on Sentinel Event or any similar topic only for you Order Now Review of the medical record for the day of 09/14/12 revealed that the SP was admitted to the pre-admission testing area at 9:00 AM. At 10:00 AM the SP was in the pre-operative area with the peripheral intravenous line in place and the pre-operative medications were being administered. At 10:30 AM the SP was in the operating room (OR) and the procedure was performed as scheduled. At 11:15 AM, the SP was moved from the OR to the post anesthesia care unit (PACU). At 12:15 PM, the SP was successfully recovered from the procedure and both the surgeon and the anesthesiologist cleared the SP to go home. The medical record revealed a nurse’s note by the pre-operative nurse on 09/14/12 at 10:30 AM that documented a conversation between the pre-operative nurse and the SP’s mother where the mother stated she was leaving to run an errand involving an older sibling and left a cellular telephone number. The only documented instruction from the mother was for the nurse to call if the SP got out of surgery sooner than expected. In an interview with the PACU nurse conducted on 09/15/12 at 10:00 AM, the PACU nurse stated that on 09/14/12 at approximately 12:30 PM, the patient was released for home to her father, who was identified by his driver’s license; the PACU nurse stated that she provided written instructions for the patient’s post-operative care and follow up appointment to the father. The PACU nurse stated that the patient’s father verbalized understanding of the discharge instructions and left with the patient. The medical record lacked documentation of this encounter. The medical record also lacked documentation of any restrictions as to which parent was permitted to take the patient home. The patient’s mother arrived at the hospital on 09/14/12 at approximately 1:00 PM to take the patient home and was extremely distraught when she discovered her daughter was not in the PACU as she expected. There was a shift change at 1:00 PM and the oncoming nurses did not know that the patient was released to her father. As a result, security was called and a hospital-wide child abduction alert (code pink) was activated. In addition to hospital security, local law enforcement was also notified of the missing child. The SP’s mother told the hospital security officer that she and the SP’s father were divorced and she had full custody of the SP and the SP’s siblings. On 09/14/12 at approximately 1:30 PM, the SP was located at the father’s residence, in the care of the father. The SP’s father stated that he took the SP to his residence to wait for the SP’s mother to arrive. No charges were filed against the SP’s father. The hospital management and security personnel assured the SP’s mother that this incident would be investigated and processes would be put in place to prevent it from happening in the future. A2. Personnel There were several employees who had interactions with the SP and her mother during the outpatient hospital procedure. The first person was the hospital registrar who took the SP’s demographic information from the SP’s mother. The next person was the pre-operative nurse who took obtained the SP’s clinical information and medical history from the SP’s mother, performed the initial physical assessment (height, weight, vital signs, cardio-pulmonary, and head to toe), and obtained peripheral intravenous access. The people who then interacted with the SP were the surgeon, the anesthesiologist, and the operating room nurses. The surgeon also had an office visit with the SP and her mother in the days leading up to the surgery. The OR nurse took over care when the SP was moved from the pre-operative area to the OR. The OR nurse made the SP comfortable until she was under the anesthesia and began the recovery process after the surgery was completed. The next person who interacted with the SP was the post anesthesia care unit (PACU) nurse. The PACU nurse was responsible for monitoring the SP during the recovery phase when she was coming out from under the anesthesia. During the post anesthesia phase, the surgeon and the SP assessed and evaluated the SP. Both the surgeon and the anesthesiologist had to sign the papers to release the patient to the discharge nurse. Finally, the patient was transferred to the care of the discharge nurse. The discharge nurse released the SP to her father. After the SP’s mother came back to the hospital and reported the SP was missing, the Chief Nursing Officer (CNO) was immediately involved. The CNO met with the SP’s mother and alerted the security team and local police to the disappearance of the child. The local police were able to locate the SP at her father’s house approximately 30 minutes after she was reported missing. The CNO had the responsibility to the SP’s mother to launch the investigation into the cause of her disappearance and to implement a plan of correction so the incident could be prevented in the future. A3. Personnel Issues Several factors negatively affected the coordination of patient care by the employees on 09/14/12. First, the communication between the admission personnel and the SP’s mother was ineffective when the registrar failed to obtain privacy information and/or ask about any custody situation. Second, the pre-operative nurse did obtain the custody information and the mother’s cellular telephone number and documented these on her clip board. However, the pre-operative nurse failed to report this as important information to the operating room nurse upon transfer of the SP from the pre-operative area to the operating room. As a result, the operating room nurse did not alert the PACU nurse to this important information upon transfer of the SP from the OR to the PACU area. You read "Sentinel Event" in category "Papers" The hospital failed to have hand off policies and procedures in place when a patient was moved from one area of surgery to another. They depended solely on their electronic record and did not have any reporting requirements in place when a patient was moved from the admission to pre-operative to operative to post-operative areas. There was a cultural/language barrier between the PACU nurse and the Hispanic discharge nurse making verbal communication very difficult. Other factors of poor communication were staffing ratios and the perspectives and attitudes of the staff. In interviews conducted with the registrar, the pre-operative nurse, the PACU nurse, and the discharge nurse after the sentinel event, they all had a negative, finger pointing attitude of doing the minimum to get by and not taking responsibility for the sentinel event. There was also a cumulative feeling among the staff of fear of reprimand or of being ignored in expressing thoughts about the security of pediatric patients in the surgery area, â€Å"Organizational structure has a direct impact n the communication within an organization. The way the hierarchy of an organization is designed either invites feedback, open-mindedness and effective communication or stifles, controls and restricts the ability of subordinates to freely express thoughts, feelings and ideas (Papa 2012). † In the post sentinel event interview, the pre-operative nurse expressed an idea about matching hospital wrist bands for both the child and the parent. This was a good idea, but no system for matching wrist bands was in place. The pre-operative and post-operative areas were understaffed that day making communication among the nurses hurried and ineffective, ultimately creating gaps in communication and contributing to the sentinel event. The fact that the surgical area was so short staffed left very little time for the nurses to give hand off reports. As a result, many important details were overlooked. The CNO failed to ensure that the required monthly staffing meetings were held among the surgical team members. Finally, the security personnel were not even called for several minutes after the SP was reported as missing and the security manager failed to perform the â€Å"code pink† child abduction drills on a quarterly basis as required by the hospital’s policy. A3a. Improve Interactions The initiative to improve interactions among the personnel working on 09/14/12 included a new policy implemented on 10/01/12 regarding obtaining custody information and privacy information at the point of registration for any minor child whether it is in the emergency room, inpatient, or outpatient areas of the hospital. This policy included a stipulation that three things are established: a list of people who are permitted private information, a list of people who are permitted to take the patient out of the hospital, and a four digit pin number established by the parent. Information and/or the patient themselves will only be released strictly to a person who is both on the privacy list and who have the pin number. A policy and procedure was also implemented on 10/01/12 in the outpatient surgery area which included detailed procedures for patient hand off when the patient was moved from one area to the next. A new patient hand off form was created which included basic demographic data, medical history, allergies, medication profile, the privacy list, pin number, and any other pertinent custody information for minor children. The registrar must document that both a verbal report and the written report were given to the pre-operative nurse. The pre-operative nurse must then document this same information was relayed both verbally and in writing to the OR nurse and the OR nurse is also required to document this same information was relayed both verbally and in writing to the PACU nurse. The hand off forms must be signed by both the person reporting off and the person receiving the report and filed in the patient’s paper chart or scanned into the patient’s electronic medical record. A mandatory in-service meeting for all staff was held on 09/28/12 to teach the staff the new policy and procedures. Also, the required monthly staff meetings for the entire surgical team (including physicians) will be implemented to serve as a town hall approach discussion to get any complaints or suggestions by the staff out in the open. In addition to the monthly staff meeting, there will be required in-service education for the staff for the next twelve months including patient safety, child abduction prevention, improvisational workshops to prompt discussion among staff, patient hand-off, time out before discharge, patient rights, diversity training, verbal communication, nonverbal communication, shift change reporting, patient satisfaction, and patient education. A4. Quality Improvement The identification and data gathering quality improvement method was used in the root cause analysis of the sentinel event. First the problem was identified; the processes needing improvement were pediatric safety and staff communication. These processes were identified through the post sentinel event interviews of the staff, administrative staff post sentinel event huddles, and surgery staff post sentinel event huddle (including security staff). The data was gathered from the SP’s medical records and a timeline was created starting when the SP entered the hospital and ending when the SP left the hospital with her father. This timeline included an analysis of what was actually done by each employee and also what should have been done to prevent the sentinel event. The question of why was asked when inactions were determined to be what resulted in the sentinel event. Along with the SP’s medical record, all other medical records for minor children who received outpatient surgery at the hospital during the first two weeks in September were also analyzed to determine that the inactions on the part of the outpatient surgery staff were a systemic problem and that this was not an isolated case. Staffing ratio policies were reviewed and security policies on â€Å"code pink† drills were also reviewed. Staff meetings were held weekly where feedback was provided to staff during the root cause analysis process regarding performance indicators and benchmarking against other hospitals of similar size in the areas of patient hand offs, staff to patient ratios and performance of security drills including child abduction drills. After the data was gathered, all involved in the sentinel event were gathered and a list of causes of the sentinel event was created. This list was used in creating the recommendations to improve staff communication and creating the process change to ensure that the sentinel even does not recur. B1. Risk Management Program The process of obtaining custody information and privacy information at the point of registration for any minor child, in all areas of the hospital, will be managed and directed by the head Quality Improvement Officer of the hospital. The new policy also has a requirement to prevent the sentinel event from happening again; at the point of registration any minor child under the age of 18 will have a bar-coded band put on their wrist or if they are less than four years old, on their ankle. The parent(s) or legal guardian(s) will be required to wear a wrist band with a matching bar code. Before the child is discharged home, both wrist bands will be scanned with the computer bar code scanner to ensure the wrist bands match. Only the parent(s) or guardian(s) with proof of legal custody will have the wrist band. Additionally, at the point of registration, the parent(s) or guardian(s) will be asked to choose a four digit pin number which will be noted in the electronic medical record under the security tab. At the point of discharge, the parent(s) or guardian(s) will be required to give the four digit pin number before the child is released to them for discharge. These measures are to be implemented by 10/05/12 with 100% compliance expected by 10/12/12. Starting on 10/05/12, the Quality Improvement Officer will audit 25% of all admission paperwork on a weekly basis to ensure compliance with the new policy. The Quality Improvement Officer will keep a log of this audit process and the outcomes of the audits. If a registrar is found to be out of compliance with the requirement, disciplinary action will occur. Starting 10/05/12, the Nurse Manager of the outpatient surgery area is required to audit 25% of the outpatient medical records on a weekly basis for compliance with the new patient hand off policy and procedure which applies to adult and minor child patients. She will also keep a log of this audit process and the outcomes of the audits. The Quality Improvement Officer and the Nurse Manager of the outpatient surgery area will hold bi-weekly meetings with the heads of each department in the hospital to review the audit results and to obtain feedback from each department regarding the new policies and procedures. The Nurse Manager of the outpatient surgery area will hold bi-weekly meetings with the outpatient surgery staff to review the audit results and to obtain feedback on the new admission process for minor children and the new patient hand off process for all patients. Starting 10/01/12, the Nurse Manager of the outpatient surgery area will also be responsible for closely monitoring the daily staffing ratios and ensuring that adequate staff is working during each shift. Also starting 10/01/12, the head of the security department will be responsible for performing the â€Å"code pink† drills monthly and documenting these in the security log book. New security cameras will also be installed in the outpatient surgery area, at all exit doors, by 10/12/12. B1a. Resources The resources needed to support the changes to prevent the sentinel event from recurring are the medical staff, corporate compliance staff, administrative staff, human resources, and outside compliance consultants. The legal team was immediately involved in the sentinel event to minimize the risk involved in an event such as child abduction. The finance department will provide the financial resources to purchase the new bar coded band system and the new security cameras. The staff will need to be trained on the new policies and procedures by the education department. Also, it is essential that each shift and each department have an adequate staffing ratio which is the responsibility of the hospital administration and the CNO. Human resources, administration, and the CNO were involved in interviewing and counseling the staff involved in the sentinel event. They will have an ongoing responsibility to follow up with the staff to ensure compliance with the new policies and procedures. Outside compliance consultants were also utilized in completing the root cause analysis, creation of the plan of correction, and implementing the plan of correction. C. Sources Papa, J. (2012, May 9). General format. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/about_6071356_communication-organizational-structure. html How to cite Sentinel Event, Papers

Star Wars Faq Is Star Wars Sci

Star Wars Faq: Is Star Wars Sci-Fi or Fantasy? Essay Star Wars is a story of aliens and space battles; but its also a story of ghosts and mystical powers. Is Star Wars science fiction, or is it fantasy? More importantly, what makes it one or the other? Magic vs.. Science The difference between sic-if and fantasy is a much-debated subject. One common dividing line, however, is that science fiction is about scientific and technological advancements that could reasonably occur in the future, while fantasy exists only in the realm of imagination, Much of Star Wars does deal with advanced technology, which seems to put it in the realm of science fiction. We may not have hyper drives that allow for interstellar travel, but we can easily see manned spaceships that travel to other planets as a natural progression from traveling to the moon and sending unmanned probes to other planets in our solar system. Some of the technology in Star Wars is not even that far off; for example, scientists have already been able to create miniature light saber- like devices. The existence of the Force, however, makes Star Wars seem more eke fantasy than science fiction. The Force is a mystical energy field Which gives Jed seemingly magical powers, and the study of the Force is more like a religion than a science. The idea Of midi-chlordane, microorganisms in the blood, attempts to provide a scientific explanation for the Force; but even midi-chlordane cannot explain how the Force can make bodies disappear or allow beings to become ghosts after death, Hard Sic-If vs.. Space Opera Sic-if and fantasy have many submerges, each with their own common elements. One submerge is hard sic-if, or sic-if concerned with scientific accuracy. The author to a hard sic-if work might, for example, do extensive research to make sure the spaceship she created works under known scientific principles. The author to a soft sic-if work, on the other hand, might be comfortable just saying that the spaceship works; exactly how is not important to the story. Star Wars falls into the submerge of space opera, which takes many of its elements from adventure fiction. Space opera involves plots, battles, characters and abilities on a huge, dramatic scale ? all of which is true of Star Wars. Technology and other scientific elements in Star Wars are often scientifically inaccurate or merely given a scientific flavor; for example, the midi-chlorine explanation for Force-sensitivity. In much of hard sic-if, the science is the story; in Star Wars and other space opera, the science is a backdrop for the real story. This doesnt make Star Wars any less science fiction. Science Fantasy While it may feel like a cop-out, the best answer to whether Star Wars is sic- if or fantasy is that its a little bit Of both. Calling Star Wars sic-if ignores its fantasy elements, such as the Force; but calling Star Wars fantasy ignores its interplanetary setting and sic-if feel. The best label for Star Wars may be science fantasy, a submerge that blends elements of sic-if and the supernatural. Theres no need to force Star Wars into a sic-if or fantasy genre box when its science fiction and fantasy components work together in harmony,

Space And Religion The Relationship Essay Research free essay sample

Space And Religion The Relationship Essay, Research Paper For a batch of people the word scientific discipline refers to the set of cognition pertaining to the physical universe, non merely inspire but besides inanimate objects. But an existent definition would besides hold to include the attitudes and methods through which this group of cognition is formed. An existent definition of scientific discipline is, ? scientific discipline is a subdivision of cognition or survey covering with a organic structure of facts or truths consistently arranged and demoing the operation of generals Torahs? ( Random House Webster? s College Dictionary, 1178 ) . Science is both a peculiar sort of activity and besides the consequences of that activity. Theory and experiment work together in scientific discipline, with experiments taking to new theories that in bend lead to farther experiments. Although scientists by and large portion these methods and feelings, they do non supply a guaranteed agencies of scientific find. Every scientist uses their ain manner to research, experiment, and speculate, but they all try to? invent? one thing, a systematic manner to travel about turn outing things. When something is proved or discovered it leads to new developments everyplace, particularly in the field of engineering. New scientific consequences may take to new and more effectual engineering. Technology has been about much longer than scientific discipline. As engineering developed so did scientific discipline. Technology is? the subdivision of cognition that trades with applied scientific discipline, technology, the industrial, humanistic disciplines and etc. The application of cognition for practical terminals? ( Random House Webster? s College Dictionary, 1343 ) . Technology is considered to be a signifier of applied scientific discipline. The scientific work is prepared and so applied to the engineering. Everything you can believe of has been a production of scientific discipline and engineering. Whether it has been developed from the scientific method or merely through test and mistake. Many people that have used scientific engineering include the wheel shapers, ship builders, and today? s applied scientists. Long ago when people developed new tools, runing equipment, and cooking supplies they more than probably developed the best manner through test and mistake and non through the scientific method. But in all actuality test and mistake is portion of the scientific method. These ancient people did non develop theories, but they did develop decisions and applied extended trials to the points they were doing. They would utilize it and if their tool were non working right they would merely develop a new one or accommodate that one to work more expeditiously. Science did non merely do promotions in tool and family points ; it besides made practical progresss in metallurgy, agribusiness, transit, and pilotage. Throughout history scientific discipline and engineering have been working together to do the manner of life better. This will go on to happen for a long clip to come. Science is non associated with merely engineering, but besides faith. Both scientific discipline and faith are forms of human behaviour that can be traced throughout the old ages. Many old ages ago the priests were responsible for record maintaining, land division, calendar finding, and they developed the early linguistic communication and early mathematics. The church was besides responsible for learning and research. This goes manus in manus with the scientific discipline of the clip. Religion is? a system of idea, feeling, and action that is shared by a group and that gives the members an object of devotedness ; a codification of behaviour by which persons may judge the personal and societal effects of their actions ; and a frame of mention by which persons may associate to their group and their existence? ( Random House Webster? s College Dictionary, 1116 ) .Religion and scientific discipline have played an of import function in America # 8217 ; s history. Spanish conquistadors set the criterion of Christianity to the New World. They besides presented the dwellers of the new universe with new engineering and scientific ways. But this is non the lone connexion between scientific discipline and faith. There are many connexions between scientific discipline and faith and the most important 1s are those that help specify the faith and it? s beliefs. Scientists have tried to roll up adequate conclusive grounds to accurately day of the month spiritual events but the lone manner to truly believe the day of the months is through the ancient Hagiographas and narratives. Most faiths have been passed through word of oral cavity. Even though, many of these narratives, and other features of a faith, can be proved through scientific discipline. Depending on what faith you pattern you have different beliefs about the development of the universe. Science can non explicate and give the right one. Whether it is the Big Bang Theory, a supreme being making the universe, or me rely people germinating from animate beings, non one has been deemed right. Scientists have found cogency in all of them but non one theory has plenty supportive difficult grounds to be considered the existent truth. To the contrast of most people? s beliefs, faith and scientific discipline do incorporate a close bond. The bond used to be highly close, but as the old ages go by it continues to roll farther apart. Critics of scientific discipline have noted that scientific theories are non statements of ultimate truth and that technological advancement has brought with it environmental pollution, resource depletion, and progressively deathly arms of war. Yet all three of these have besides made valuable parts to human personal businesss. Religious instructions have long been utile in steering morality, moralss, and codifications of jurisprudence. Science and engineering have demonstrated ways to understand the universe and produce material amenitiess. Even though it seems as though scientific discipline, engineering, and faith have no bonds, they are really closely knit together.