Multimedia & Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Multimedia & Design - Essay Example It is therefore vital to acknowledge that emotional effect by a product to its users has to be made one of the focal point in the design process. Norman greatly recognizes the necessity of emotional appreciation in the available products, goods and services to the human beings (Norman, 2004). Figure 1: Key design considerations Throughout the scheme of importance of experiences and emotions, Normans has laid key emphasis on the importance of emotional appreciation. In addressing the subject, Norman divides human’s appreciation with focus laid at two notions that influence appreciation (Norman, 2004). These notions are visceral and aesthetic appreciation. Visceral appreciation engrosses a human being’s pleasure to something motivated by one’s natural intelligence or knowledge in practical circumstances where any of the stimuli sensory faculties are triggered from in or outside an individual’s body (Norman, 2004). The stimuli faculties here include an indivi dual’s ability to hear, view around (sight), smell, equilibrium, taste and touch. Triggering of the sensory stimuli leads an individual to consider something as favorable or unfavorable. On the other aesthetic appreciation encompasses the decisive reflection on art, nature and culture driven by one’s judgment of outlook or even taste. In brief, the second Norman’s division of emotional appreciation is based on one’s sensor-emotional values (Norman, 2004). Thorough analyses of the visceral and aesthetic appreciation provide a clarified detail of each and their integration to trigger an individual’s appreciation of one thing over another (Norman, 2004). Clearly, visceral appreciation focuses keenly on one being driven by the stimulus factors in or outside one’s environs. In this sense, it clarifies that visceral appreciation significantly revolves around effects of a product or service on one or a number of the stimulus faculties. For aestheti c appreciation, emphasis is laid on an individual’s sensory implication or sentimental judgment of a product, service or things around. It is hereby clear that the two do not have to be separated since revolve almost the same notion. To be precise, I disagree with Norman’s idea of dividing emotional appreciation based on the two. Norman clearly over complicates the idea of emotional appreciation. From point of view and thorough scrutiny of the subject, I can deduct that, emotional appreciation is based on the sensory effects resulting from only stimulus faculties and experience on a product or service. In other words, this clarifies that since aesthetic appreciation focuses on sensory judgment of a thing, then it (aesthetic appreciation) must involve one or more of the stimuli faculties. Therefore, if the stimuli must be involved, then that means it (aesthetic appreciation) depends on a key component of the visceral appreciation (Norman, 2004). This is because, as anal yzed earlier, visceral appreciation focuses mainly on the effects of stimulus faculties in or outside one’s body. It is in this sense that I prefer that Norman should have merged the visceral and aesthetic appreciation instead of separating them. In addition, the experience levels an individual has on a product or service with relation to another further enhances that individual’

Computer Sciences and Information Technology Research Paper

Computer Sciences and Information Technology - Research Paper Example Computer science focuses on creating new concepts around the implementation and design of computing systems. Computer science incorporates mathematical concepts of computation as well as information. Further, Clark French (1) mentioned science can be described as the systematic study of the feasibility, expression, structure, and mechanization of the methodical procedures, also known as algorithms. These serve as the foundations for the gathering, processing, representation, communication, storage, and access to relevant data, irrespective of such gathered data is encoded in bytes or bits within the computer’s memories or just transcribed in the proteins and genes structure of the Human cellular structure. The main goal of computer science is to determine the best data processing systems computers can be efficiently and effectively automated and set into motion. Clark French (44) mentions computer science creates programs that improve the computer users’ output. With th e use of accounting software, the accountant’s prior tedious pencil and paper job is reduced by simply encoding the daily transactions. The accounting software will automatically perform all the other steps in the accounting cycle. The accounting software presents a balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows as well as breakdowns of receivables, breakdowns of payable amounts, and other accounting information, with just the click of a mouse. The picture development shop can use computer software such as Adobe Photoshop to enhance the output of the camera pictures. The researcher can use the Adobe reader to read pdf files uploaded on the internet. Computer science focuses on how the computer works. The focus includes determining which computer programs will work and which computer programs should be discarded. The computer scientists study which algorithms will produce an end product that is logical, realistic, and saves the computer usage time and money. The comp uter scientists implement the best algorithms that will offer a true as well as an efficient answer to a concrete or real-life problem. The computer scientists create computer program languages such as FoxPro, database III, word, and excel, photoshop, adobe reader, to ensure the specification as well as expression of the established algorithms (Toledo 47). The computer scientists design, build, as well as evaluate current and future computer operating software that can both effectively and efficiently perform prescribed program specifications. The computer scientists implement the preferred algorithm structures to significant software application domains. Michael Huth (259) insists the computer science student creates programs that will lessen the professional’s job. The medical doctor can trust the encoded computer report of the medical transcriptionist. The architect can use AutoCAD architect software to draw the minute details of a house or building. The car driver can use the computer system of the car to determine whether step on the gas or step on the brakes. Michael Huth (213) Computer scientists enter rewarding careers in many fields. One of the fields is software engineering. Another field of specialization is system administration. Another influential field is system management. A favorite field is a research and development to help the government in its drive to improve the lives of the constituents. Some of the computer scientists work in other related areas.  

Importance of Innovation and Change Within an Organization

Importance of Innovation and Change Within an Organization In todays constantly changing world, change and innovation play an extremely important role within any organization. New technologies like faster software and hardware and improved manufacturing systems are increasing production and changing the way we do business across the globe. Newly advancing markets such as China and India are becoming more and more capitalistic, opening the door for corporations to come and do business. There are multiple elements when dealing with innovation and change within an organization. The first element is how an organization can change successfully which consists of the steps that are needed and the process that makes change happen. The next element is technological change, which is how organizations adapt and implement new technology. From new technology, organizations come up with our next element, new products and services. As these organizations become larger and larger there is the need for strategy and structure change as well as cultural change s. These two elements often go hand in hand and can be some of the most difficult to change. There are five key factors when looking at what is necessary for successful change. The first is ideas. In order to bring about change you need to have a new idea or thought. Creativity, innovation and outside-the-box thinking play a huge role here. Often times some of the best ideas can come from the least likely places. A study conducted by Daniel Tzabbar and his team, found that high levels of collaboration promotes innovation, as it encourages a free flow of ideas among people who must work together to discover new solutions to problems. (Tzabbar 17) With this being said, many new ideas come from the collaborations of groups and individuals within an organization. The second factor is need. There must be a perceived need for change. Constantly changing structures, strategies, or culture can actually be a bad thing if overused. If a specific change is going to take place, there needs to be an identifiable reason in order to make that specific change necessary. On the other hand, an organization that fails to realize the need for change is doomed for failure. It is the responsibility of upper management to be responsive and aware of when change is needed but not so sensitive that change becomes excessive. An article entitled Change for Changes Sake offers and interesting view on the topic of knowing when to change. According to the article, an organization periodically needs to shake itself up regardless of the external environment. The authors argue that a few things happen when an organization does not change enough. First, companies that are organized around a single criterion such as function, product, or market, tend to only communicate with themselves and not with the other units thus making them slow to adapt to changes in the environment. Next organizations are likely to get entrenched in a routine way of thinking, failing to realize new opportunities and the possibility of threats. Finally, organizations become extremely inefficient at allocating resources. In order to combat these factors, organizations should change structures every so often to keep itself ready to react quickly to its environment. (Vermeulen et. al. 70-76) The third factor is adoption. After the new ideas have been thought of on how to change and there is a perceived need for that change, a new idea is chosen. Now that an idea has been chosen it is time to put that idea into practice. This brings us to our next factor, implementation. According to Scott Sonenshein of Rice University Implementing strategic change is one of the most important undertakings of an organization. Successful implementation of strategic change can reinvigorate a business, but failure can lead to catastrophic consequences. (Sonenshein 477). Management must have a rock solid plan on how they want to implement change. A project management approach is the most successful approach when implementing such change, with the definition of clear success measures being important. (Oakland, Tanner 2) The final factor is resources. Through human energy and activity the idea is implemented and kept alive. People are the most important resource and the essential contributors to successful change, without them, change cannot happen. It is important that your employees are thoroughly trained and understand what is being changed and why. Empowering them with this knowledge will only enhance and increase the possibility of successful implementation of the changes set forth. Within an organization there is always the need for developing, acquiring, and adopting new technology. New technologies are always coming about and have a tremendous impact on organizations. The main approach to technological change is the ambidextrous approach. This combines both the organic and mechanistic structures. Under the ambidextrous approach there are numerous options of how to bring about new technology. Switching structures brings people from different areas of an organization together to share ideas and technology with each other. Creative departments consist of a research and development department. The sole duty of this department is to come up with new technology and test new technologies to ensure they will be useful for the organization. Another popular option is the use of venture teams. Venture teams are essentially their own organization within an organization. They often have their own separate location and structure in order to develop new technologies. In addition to RD and venture teams, another way to increase technological knowledge and bring about technology change is to acquire technology from external sources. Procter Gamble provides an excellent example of interorganizational technology transfer. Roughly half of new product development projects involve key ideas from external sources. Procter Gamble also uses an active licensing strategy of their own technological advances to generate millions in annual licensing revenue. Pharmaceuticals are notorious for using this type of strategy to bring about technological change within their organizations. (Lichtenthaler 2) Despite the great amount of success achieved by these firms, most organizations are still timid about sharing their own technological advances. They fear that by doing so, it will allow their competitors access to their own competitive advantage. While this may be true in some instances, it appears that interorganizational technology transfer can actually benefit organizations and ultimately consumers. While there are certain exceptions, new products and services are usually the direct result of new technology and coming up with new products and services is vital for success in todays markets. As markets evolve so should your products or services. The question of how to create and present new products now arises. Michelle Karas offers 11 steps that help organizations answer this complex and challenging question. Step one is to analyze the situation. Evaluate your environment and current product position and then identify your strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The next step is to explore and research product needs. Brainstorm ideas, have an open mind and write down all ideas. Figure out what your customers needs are and your competitors limitations. Step three is to determine usage and identify what market you want to target with your product. Step four calls for developing a prototype. This entails converting an idea into an actual product and determining the produc ts specifications, features and benefits. Step five is to determine the price based on your objectives. Testing the product or service is the next step and is absolutely crucial to its success. It is also important to ensure that all operations within your business can fully support the product. (Karas 32-34) After the product has been thoroughly tested, it is time to establish sales goals. Identify target sales goals, and whether or not these goals are realistic and obtainable. The next step involves developing a marketing plan for both internal and external markets that achieves the goals set forth earlier. Step nine is training and educatin employees. Ensure employees/salespeople understand all aspects of the product. Characteristics like price, description, how the product works, and sales goals should all be thoroughly understood. The final two steps involve actually introducing the product to the market and evaluating the results. Record how the product performs and how the customers respond. (Karas 32-34) While these steps are quite simplified, these are the basics concepts that organizations utilize, regardless of size. A great example of products that have just recently been introduced is Sonys Move and Microsofts Kinect gaming systems. Both of these systems allow users to make use of their own bodies to become more active and involved in the gaming experience, very similar to the Wii. When the Nintendo Wii debuted, it was the first gamming system of its kind to offer an interactive gaming experience. It was a tremendous success and both Sony and Microsoft realized the opportunity to have their piece of the pie too. Rather than come up with a completely new gamming system, through the use of new technology, Sony and Microsoft designed a device that would simply be used in conjunction with users Playstation 3 and X-Box consoles. As time goes by it will be interesting to see what effects theses systems have on Wii sales and whether or not they are profitable for both Sony and Microsoft. Going along with the video game theme, Sega, which offered very popular gaming consoles in the 90s failed to innovate and offer a product strong enough to compete with Sonys Playstation and Nintendos N64. The result was Sega removing itself entirely from the hardware side of gaming and focusing solely on video game software. While Sega failed in one area, they were able to make a successful change and become profitable selling software. These two examples offer evidence to the power that new products and services hold within an organization. Once again failing to change and innovate successfully will most likely spell disaster for an organization. As an organization becomes larger the need for strategy and structure change becomes apparent. Strategic change involves altering employees construction of meanings by using a discourse that sets a new direction for a firm. (Sonenshein 505). All organizations need to make changes in their strategies, structures, management processes and administrative procedures. Many organizations go about this change using a dual core approach, which is a balance between the technical side and the management side of an organization. The technical side refers to the employees who actually produce the product or service that the company offers while the management side ensures that the day to day operations of the company are being fulfilled and the performance objectives are being met. While the two sides may have very different ideas of what changes need to take place, it is imperative that both sides be on the same page and working toward the same goal. In addition to becoming larger, there are also some other reasons why organizations must change their strategies. The first reason is the persistent pressure from shareholders for greater profitability. This requires business leaders to continually update their strategy. Theses updates are necessary to remain aligned with customers changing needs and priorities, while generating the necessary profits. This demands that strategies must be executed successfully within increasingly shorter time-periods. (Franken 49-73) The second reason relates to the increased complexity of organizations. In many organizations the activities performed to create products and services cross multiple functional, organizational, and geographical boundaries. Consequently, any strategic change program is likely to affect the people, processes, structures, technologies, suppliers, and business partners that work both within and across these boundaries. Hence, strategic change programs are becoming highly complex, resulting in increased risk of failure due to oversight. (Franken 49-73) The third reason is the difficult challenge faced by managers to balance the demands of successfully executing complex change programs with the demands of managing todays business performance. In situations where management is strongly tied to reward schemes based on todays performance, it is challenging to achieve active participation for the creation of tomorrows organization. However, as a result of the relentless pressure from stakeholders for repeated performance, managers cannot afford to dedicate their time, effort and resources to one set of demands exclusively. This balance is particularly challenging during the high-risk period when a business transitions to a new strategy. (Franken 49-73) The fourth reason is the low levels of involvement of a large number of managers across all functions at an early stage of strategy execution. The mechanics of involving large numbers of people in complex discussions leads organizations to restrict involvement in the quest for urgency. Often managers see these early stages as bureaucratic, unnecessary, and delaying real action. However, such involvement is required to obtain commitment to change and for the development of effective implementation plans. The fifth reason is the difficulty of securing the required resources to execute the strategy. Often, as a result of the large number of concurrent change programs, many of the organizations resources will already be allocated. Furthermore, as such resources are limited, managers will compete for them, and, once within their control, will endeavor to own them to secure their own goals.14 (Franken 49-73) According to Paul Sabbah, president of Stamford International, new strategies should focus on innovation, productivity and risk management. Productivity can be as easy as having employees working longer hours, implementing new technologies in order to speed up product development, or simply reducing inventory and using effective communication. Firms also need to look to international expansion as another potential strategy. By doing so, they open themselves up to new markets and new customers while being exposed to new ways of doing business and new retail concepts. Business is also all about managing risk. In difficult times, effectively managing risks like political instability, currency fluctuations, transportation costs, and rising energy costs has a direct effect on an organizations ability to survive in a struggling economy. (Sabbah) The final element and the most difficult to change is a change in organizational culture. This is often the most difficult to change because you are affecting people core values and daily routines. Eric Van Der Steen has shown that organizations have a tendency, over time, to develop the same set of beliefs and values. This happens through two mechanisms. People who share the same beliefs would rather work with those who share their beliefs than someone that does not. People also share experiences, which in turn leads to a set of shared beliefs. These shared beliefs and values directly impact the core culture of an organization. (Van Der Steen 26) To help explain the difficulties of culture change, think of a factory worker who has been assembling ball bearings a specific way over the past 20 years. This worker comes in every day, goes to their station and performs their duty over and over again for the duration of their shift. They have their routine down and never deviate from the steps they take. Now imagine someone coming up to them and telling them that the routine they have done over the years is inefficient and they have a better, more efficient way of performing their duty. In addition to this, there will be new policies and procedures to follow to ensure that the changes take place. That worker is obviously going to be skeptical and very resistant to changing. They may even feel that this person has no right to come and tell them how to do their job which they have been doing for so long. This is what must be overcome when dealing with cultural change. There are a few different ways to implement cultural change and each process has its own unique advantages and disadvantages. One way is by large group intervention. This entails having everyone in the organization go through a seminar, explaining to them what changes are going to be made. While this allows everyone to hear and hopefully understand the message, there may be some specific questions about the change that go unanswered. For instance a specialized department may wonder how certain changes will be affecting their culture. It is imperative that cultural change is led from upper management. Managers need to set the standard and lead by example especially when it comes to cultural change. In support of this, Lance Ewing states that companies without cultural leadership are always going the wrong way. (Ewing 88) Changing culture within an organization is never an easy task yet it is necessary and critical to change a culture when leadership transforms. Starting cultural change is like cooking in a Crock-Pot. Adding the right ingredients and turning the heat up with the right measure of enthusiasm for positive consumer change makes everyone want what is in the cultural pot. (Ewing 88) When dealing with change in any area, there will always be barriers to overcome. Resistance to change is now seen as a natural, acceptable incident. When it occurs, resistance may cause problems within the organization. However, depending on the nature of the change, the surrounding atmosphere and how the change takes place, resistance is not always a bad thing (Dent and Galloway Goldberg 27). According to Bauer, resistance to change, like pain, can be an alarm signal and serve as a warning that something is failing in the change process. (Bauer) Klein argues that resistance is a needed factor of flourishing change and if properly managed, can provide a beneficial response to the changes taking place. (Klein) Resistance is also a resource. It can provide valuable feedback to managers if they are willing to listen. Considering resistance as failure will overlook opportunities to strengthen operational outcomes. By paying attention to this feedback, managers can see a different perspective to the change they plan on initiating. Sometimes employees resist change for no reason, but often times, the employees most resistant to change are the ones who care enough to make sure the plan succeeds. People are also very aware of the past, and thoughts of changes that have utterly failed will constantly be running through their heads. In order to convince these people it is necessary to explain to them why and how you plan to implement change. Giving them the chance to voice their own questions and concerns will only enhance your plan to change. (Ford 100-103) In conclusion, the world is constantly changing and change and innovation play an extremely important role within any organization. As an organization if you fail to change and adapt to the rest of the world and your environment the world will pass you by. There are many elements for successful change, but your people will always be the most important in order for that change to take place. New technologies are always being introduced and it is important to stay up to date and take advantage of technology that will greatly benefit your organization. As an organization it is imperative that new technology is used to constantly come up with new and innovative products and services. While this is a major undertaking for any organization it is necessary for sustainability. As new products and services are being offered and an organization grows the strategy and structure used must also change. This gives way to cultural change where there is almost always some kind of resistance. Using t hat resistance as a tool to overcoming problems is a key step in successfully implementing change. Ultimately, the whole purpose of change is to increase profitability by making changes to the strategy, structure, technology and culture of an organization. While there will always be problems and other bumps along the road it is imperative that these obstacles are overcome in order to increase the odds for success.

An Analytical Essay on Comic Relief in Hamlet :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

An Analytical Essay on Comic Relief in Hamlet    In Hamlet, the majority of the comic relief is dark and depressing. The main character is obsessed with death and makes morbid jokes about old age, deception, and corpses. This side of the character is shown so that the reader can understand how much this disturbs the prince. The result of this is a play with some very depressing scenes. Hamlet's negative attitude gives way to many sadistic jests at the events surrounding him. He tells his friend Horatio that the food brought for the funeral was served at the wedding, also. This joke is sad because Hamlet is still grieving while he is forced to endure the pungent incestuous image of his mother sharing a bed with his uncle. This disturbing time for him leads to most of his depressing humor. His family's blatant deception causes him to state sarcastically that if the world is honest, then the end of the world must be near. The reader can identify with Hamlet's feelings of bitterness and disillusionment because of his sarcastic reactions. Fairly soon after, Polonius becomes the object of Hamlet's ridicule. The appearance of this aspect of humor is not surprising due to the cruel nature of the play. Polonius is an older man who forgets what he is saying in the middle of a sentence and absolutely cannot come to a point quickly. Hamlet calls him a "great baby," and Rosencrantz says that when men grow old, they mentally become children. After Polonius is killed, Hamlet refers to removing the body from room as "{lugging} the guts." Since the body has been stabbed, the reader can assume that Hamlet is making light of the bloody, most likely disemboweled corpse. First Polonius is mocked because of his age; then Hamlet returns to him dark humor. The most prevalent form of macabre humor is Hamlet's way of trivializing death. He makes many jokes about this . When he describes how a king could be digested by a beggar, one could envision Claudius cringing. Along with the image of death, Hamlet uses the word "progress," which indicates a royal journey. He taunts the king and death at the same time. Later during the graveyard scene, he asks Yorick's skull: "Quite chapfall'n?" He is asking if the skull is down in the mouth or depressed, which is a sick question to ask of a long dead cranium. An Analytical Essay on Comic Relief in Hamlet :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays An Analytical Essay on Comic Relief in Hamlet    In Hamlet, the majority of the comic relief is dark and depressing. The main character is obsessed with death and makes morbid jokes about old age, deception, and corpses. This side of the character is shown so that the reader can understand how much this disturbs the prince. The result of this is a play with some very depressing scenes. Hamlet's negative attitude gives way to many sadistic jests at the events surrounding him. He tells his friend Horatio that the food brought for the funeral was served at the wedding, also. This joke is sad because Hamlet is still grieving while he is forced to endure the pungent incestuous image of his mother sharing a bed with his uncle. This disturbing time for him leads to most of his depressing humor. His family's blatant deception causes him to state sarcastically that if the world is honest, then the end of the world must be near. The reader can identify with Hamlet's feelings of bitterness and disillusionment because of his sarcastic reactions. Fairly soon after, Polonius becomes the object of Hamlet's ridicule. The appearance of this aspect of humor is not surprising due to the cruel nature of the play. Polonius is an older man who forgets what he is saying in the middle of a sentence and absolutely cannot come to a point quickly. Hamlet calls him a "great baby," and Rosencrantz says that when men grow old, they mentally become children. After Polonius is killed, Hamlet refers to removing the body from room as "{lugging} the guts." Since the body has been stabbed, the reader can assume that Hamlet is making light of the bloody, most likely disemboweled corpse. First Polonius is mocked because of his age; then Hamlet returns to him dark humor. The most prevalent form of macabre humor is Hamlet's way of trivializing death. He makes many jokes about this . When he describes how a king could be digested by a beggar, one could envision Claudius cringing. Along with the image of death, Hamlet uses the word "progress," which indicates a royal journey. He taunts the king and death at the same time. Later during the graveyard scene, he asks Yorick's skull: "Quite chapfall'n?" He is asking if the skull is down in the mouth or depressed, which is a sick question to ask of a long dead cranium.

B&B Hotel Life Cycle Essay

Bed and Breakfasts Hotels were established in Europe many years back. The majority of travelers that frequented B&B’s in the 1800’s were pioneers, miners, 49’ers seeking gold or professionals traveling from one area to another. Most B&B’s offered an accommodation for the night along with a breakfast in the morning which many hungry travelers took advantage of before setting off on the next leg of their journey. As more inns, lodges and hotels were built in the 1900’s, B&B’s were seen as an affordable accommodation for people traveling through small towns or in areas that weren’t heavily developed. In the later half of the 20th century, B&B’s enjoyed a renaissance in popularity, as many college students and young adults spent time visiting Europe. Most of these travelers spent time in small B&B type of pensions or private residences and came back to the states to either open their own B&B’s or sought them out as affordable accommodation options. They introduced in the U. S. in the mid to late 1960s. It is estimated that there are in excess 30,000 B&Bs at this time — that represents a jump from only 2,000 in the late 1970s. The concept is now very mature — average number of rooms per property has increase dramatically, occupancy rates are up, and national, state, and regional associations are setting standards. There are even a myriad of newsletters, travel publications and guide books available. Today, B&B’s offer a warm and cozy alternative to the corporate hotel or motel. Most B&B’s pride themselves on being privately owned and operated, as well as offering accommodations in quaint and cozy homes in locations that offer historical, leisure or small town attractions. Current stage The Bed & Breakfast and Hostel Accommodations industry is in the mature phase of its life cycle The industry, however, is relatively new, having grown significantly since the early- to mid-1980s. Overall, the industry is still evolving and matching the varying (and growing) needs of various segments of the domestic and international tourism market. The industry has developed its own niche in the accommodations industry based on specific market needs and demand. Over the 10 years to 2017, industry value added, which measures an industry’s contribution to GDP, will grow at an annual rate of 1. % per year, compared to GDP growth over the same period of 1. 9%. The industry is still in a long-term mature phase, despite recent slow growth or contraction due to increased geopolitical tension from terrorist attacks and the declines in travel demand in response to the Great Recession. Over the ten years to 2017, industry value added (IVA), which measures an industry’s contribution to GDP, is expected to grow 1. 4% per year, while GDP is expected to grow 1. 8% per year. The Bed and Breakfast and Hostel Accommodations industry has fought declining demand over the past few years. With the onset of the recession, all forms of travel accommodation experienced revenue drops as consumers became more concerned about finances and made cutbacks on luxuries, including travel. From 2007 to 2017, domestic trips will increase 1. 1% to 758. 4 million. However, over the same period, international visitor arrivals will rise from 56. 0 million to 86. 2 million, or 4. 4% per year, after a slump from late 2007 to 2009. Overall, however, each of the major industry components displayed an upward trend over this period that was roughly in line with GDP growth. Future industry growth will increasingly correspond with rising global income, particularly in countries in East Asia and South America and an increasing propensity to travel internationally. Increasing incomes and the aging of the population are also expected to lead to significant growth in the domestic market. On the other hand, within the key industry segments, the Tourism industry will continue to display slow growth due to strong competition from internet-based, direct booking products. Lead time require for products The bed and breakfast (B&B) segment covers a variety of types of establishments and makes 69. % of industry revenue. Homestay, farm stay or host homes, where guests share rooms and facilities with owners, are included within this segment. There are also home B&Bs, which provide a secondary source of revenue to the owner’s primary income and can be homes with four of five rooms converted to provide B&B services to guests. B&B inns or hotels are usually established as businesses to provide primary financial support for owner/operators. Breakfast is the only meal served to guests and the establishment can provide accommodations for between four and 0 guests. Quite often these are used for small weddings or business meetings. On the other hand, country inns are established as businesses with owners actively involved in its daily operations, and have between six and 30 rooms. They operate as a lodging place and have a restaurant with a liquor license. The accommodations may include lodging, dinner and breakfast included in the room rate. However, compare to other regular hotel, B&B hotel need les s activities. It is need a short time to prepare new product, it’s easier for owners to improve it.

However Fahn

However, the street celebrations that accompanied the British and French declaration of war gives historians the impression that the move was popular and politicians tend to go with the popular mood. Was much done to avoid the start of the war? By 1914, Europe had divided into two camps. The Triple Alliance was Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. The Triple Entente wasBritain, France and Russia. The alliance between Germany and Austria was natural. Both spoke the same language – German – and had a similar culture. In previous centuries, they had both been part of the same empire – the Holy Roman Empire.Austria was in political trouble in the south-east of Europe – the Balkans. She needed the might of Germany to back her up if trouble got worse. Italy had Joined these countries as sne teared their power on ner northern border. Germany was mainland Europe's most powerful country – so from Italy's point of view, being an ally of Germany was an obvious move. Each member of the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria nd Italy) promised to help the others if they were attacked by another country. The Triple Entente was less structured than the Triple Alliance. Entente† means understanding and the members of the Entente (Britain, France and Russia) did not have to promise to help the other two if they got attacked by other countries but the understanding was that each member would support the others – but it was not fixed. France was suspicious of Germany. She had a huge army but a poor navy. Britain had the world's most powerful naw and a small army. France and Britain Joining together in an understanding was natural. Britain was also concerned about Germany because she was building up a new and powerful navy. The inclusion of Russia seemed odd when Russia was so far from France and Britain.However, Russia's royal family, the Romanovs, was related to the British Royal Family. Russia also had a huge army and with France on the west of Europe and Russia on the east, the ‘message' sent to Germany was that she was confronted by two huge armies on either side of her borders. Therefore, it was not a good move by Germany to provoke trouble in Europe – that was the hoped for message sent out by the Triple Entente. Certain specific problems also helped to create suspicion throughout Europe. The first was Germany's fear of the huge British Empire. By 1900, Britain owned a quarter of the world.Countries such as Canada, India, South Africa, Egypt, Australia and New Zealand were owned by Britain as part of the British Empire. Queen Victoria had been crowned Empress of India. Huge amounts of money were made from these colonies and Britain had a powerful military presence in all parts of the world. The Empire was seen as the status symbol of a country that was the most powerful in the world. Hence Britain's title â€Å"Great Britain†. Germany clearly believed that a sign of a great power was posses sion of overseas colonies. The ‘best' had already been taken by Britain but Germany resolved to gain as much colonial territory as possible.Her main target was Africa. She colonised territory in southern Africa (now Namibia) which no-one really wanted as it was useless desert but it did create much anger in London as Germany's new territories were near South Africa with its huge diamond and gold reserves. In reality, Germany's African colonies were of little economic importance but it gave her the opportunity to demonstrate to the German people hat she had Great Power status even if this did make relations with Britain more fragile than was perhaps necessary for the economic returns Germany got from her colonies.A second issue that caused much friction between Britain and Germany was Germany's desire to increase the size of her navy. Britain accepted that Germany, as a large land-based country, needed a large army. But Germany had a very small coastline and Britain coul d not accep na Germany needed a large navy. Postcard from 1912 of the Spithead review of Britain's Navvy Britain concluded that Germany's desire to increase the size of her naw was to hreaten Britain's naval might in the North Sea.The British government concluded that as an island we needed a large naw and they could not accept any challenges from Germany. As a result, a naval race took place. Both countries spent vast sums of money building new warships and the cost soared when Britain launched a new type of battleship – the Dreadnought. Germany immediately responded by building her equivalent. Such a move did little to improve relations between Britain and Germany. All it did was to increase tension between the two nations.

Using the Spanish Word Mucho in the Right Context

Using the Spanish Word Mucho in the Right Context Like its English cognate, or related word linguistically, much, the Spanish word  mucho conveys the idea of something being great in quantity or degree. Like English,   mucho can be used as an adverb, adjective or pronoun. Mucho As an Adverb As an adverb, mucho is frequently translated as much or a lot. Unlike when it is used as adjective and pronoun, the word mucho does not change with gender or number. It can change when it used as an adverb before adjectives or other adverbs to mean very, in that case, the word  mucho  is shortened to  muy. However,  mucho  is used when it stands alone to mean very, as in answering a question:  Ã‚ ¿Ests  cansada? Sà ­, mucho, which means,  Are you tired? Yes, very. Spanish Sentence English Translation Fernando habla mucho y dice poco. Fernando talks a lot and says very little. En invierno nieva mucho en los Alpes. In the winter it snows a lot in the Alps. Derek Jeter es mucho mejor de lo que fue Lou Gehrig. Derek Jeter is much better than what Lou Gehrig was. Mi mam me ama mucho. My mother loves me a lot. El iPhone es mucho ms que un telfono. The iPhone is much more than a telephone. Mi ta es muy inteligente. My aunt is very intelligent. Mucho As an Adjective As an adjective, mucho must agree with the noun it refers to in number and gender. It is typically translated as much, a lot of or too many; in plural form, it typically means many or a lot of. Spanish Sentence English Translation He odo que las naranjas tienen mucho azcar. I have heard that oranges have a lot of sugar. Beber mucha leche entera puede provocar sobrepeso. Drinking a lot of whole milk can cause [a person to be] overweight. Twitter tiene muchos usuarios internacionales. Twitter has many international users. Tras su gobierno Schwarzenegger tiene muchas opciones. After his governorship, Schwarzenegger has many options. En el mundo hay muchos millones de personas expuestas al riesgo de erupciones volcnicas. Worldwide there are many millions of people exposed to the risk of volcanic eruptions. Mucho As a Pronoun When it functions as a pronoun, mucho means  a large amount of  and it  must agree in gender and number with the noun it substitutes for. Spanish Sentence English Translation Normalmente, hay cera en los odos, pero cuando hay mucha, puede ser necesario que el mdico la remueva. Normally, there is wax in the ears. But when there is a lot, it can be necessary that the doctor remove it. (Mucha refers to cera, which is singular and feminine.) Para recibir mucho, es necesario dar mucho. In order to receive much, it is necessary to give much. Hay muchos que pierden su vida buscando una perfeccin que nunca se llega a encontrar. There are many who waste their lives looking for a perfection that never shows up to be found. (Muchos is gender neutral and plural.) Muchas quieren ser como Marilyn Monroe. Many want to be like Marilyn Monroe. (Muchas likely refers to women and/or girls.)

Clockwork orange movie evaluation Essays

Clockwork orange movie evaluation Essays Clockwork orange movie evaluation Paper Clockwork orange movie evaluation Paper A Clockwork Orange is a psychological thriller that examines and analyzes the effects of a corrupt individual and societys attempts to reintegrate him. The director Stanley Kubrick depicts a deeply chilling and disturbing story of a young man by the name of Alex and is considered a menace to society who is eventually punished for his wrong doings and given the chance of a lifetime to reinvent himself. The new an innovative way to reintegrate disturbed individuals into society is through a type of conditioning that causes a nauseating reaction to violent acts for the patient. It is difficult to determine the time period of the film since Kubrick uses scenery that makes it appear as though it could take place today, tomorrow, yesterday, or even fifty years in the future making it applicable to all times. In addition, Kubrick is very cautious to use problems in society that have been evident and irksome since the beginning of man such as rape, muggings, murder, etc. With this stunning combination of societys everyday problems, A Clockwork Orange is the type of movie that appeals to all time periods and will always be applicable to the troubles that are present in todays society. The psychological aspect of the movie is the way in which society wishes that it could deal with them through a simple program that allows the individual to be reborn in a sense and make it physically impossible for them to return to their old devious ways. The conditioned versus an unconditioned response technique is a major factor in Alexs transformation toward becoming an acceptable human being in society. During the first half of the movie before Alex undergoes treatment, he is shown with his fellow droogs or his small four member gang that creates havoc throughout England with their acts of ultra-violence where they commit heinous acts of violence and on random victims. Alex and his droogs are shown in the first scene of the movie at their favorite local hang out joint called the Korova Milkbar where they indulge themselves in drugged milk beverages. The movie never directly states what is in the milk, yet after drinking it, the droogs all seem very excited and almost imagining their environment. This leads one to believe that there was some type of an amphetamine or hallucinogen because the amphetamine would cause an increase in energy and alertness while the hallucinogens caused a sensory distortion (Kalat 94). The amphetamine is considered a stimulant which causes an increase in the activities levels and pleasure which explains the groogs eagerness to go out and expend seemingly endless amounts of energy without so much as breaking a sweat (Kalat 95). This particular milkbar is very unusual in that, the entire room is filled with sexual images of women in compromising positions that are dispersed throughout the room and available to give the laced milk from their nipples. Alex and his groogs hit the streets to begin their night of ultra-violence and it begins with the senseless beating of a drunken homeless man under a bridge. From there, the group heads out even more anxious than before and go to a home of a crippled man and his wife. Upon tricking the wife to allow them in saying they had an awful car accident, and upon entering the four boys begin to rape the woman in front of her husband while he was senselessly beaten. The only major difference between the two encounters is that the boys were a wiser and wore masks during their attack. The psychological aspect during this part of the movie is more to realize the mental capacity of the attackers. The groogs and especially Alex are not phased by the ruthless violence and desperate cries for help from their victims. Most psychologists would conclude from these observations that Alexs problems are not that he enjoys violence, but rather he had a troubled childhood along with his uninvolved parents that shaped him into the monster that he had become. It has been agreed that the majority of social development in humans is established in the earlier stages of childhood and adolescence. One aspect of the movie that infers that Alex has a unique and troubled home life is almost any scene that involves his parents. Alexs parents are very distant and unconcerned with his activities and lack of attendance at school. They are the typical example of uninvolved parents who are very uninterested in their childs activities, do not spend time with them, and may spend very little time with them (Kalat 194). This type of parenting can lead to children who are generally impulsive and undisciplined. Agreeing with this observation is that Alex may have been raised in a broken home and that his mother in the movie is not in fact his biological mother. It is believed that children in broken homes may have more difficulties in the real world have a greater difficulty with their academics, social, and emotions (Kalat 194). This could lead Alex to grow up according to the belief that his attachment was never fully developed to one parent and that he developed later in life the inability to have close relations with others. This includes his friends or groogs who he seems to simply bully around and never confide any secrets or let on that he has confidence in them. Furthermore, Alex has a constant problem with a sexual addiction where he has one night stands and orgies with random girls, yet fails to develop a substantial relationship. This lack of closeness also may have contributed to Alexs inability to identify exactly where he fit in with society and his small identity crisis that he experiences. He seems to be having trouble with his concern with decisions about the future and the quest for self-understanding because he is rather nonchalant about looking toward the future and simply lives off the constant high of his ultra-violence (Kalat 186). Alex is eventually caught for his mischievous acts and given the opportunity to undergo an experimental program to supposedly cure all his illness. The government at this time is offering a new and innovative way to cure disturbed individuals through an extreme version of conditioning. Pavlov first discovered that certain stimulants triggered natural responses in both humans and animals which he called the unconditioned response since it needed no training or reinforcement to encourage it (Kalat 207). By placing another stimulant in addition to the natural response, the animal then reacted to both the stimulant and the natural response in the same way. Alexs government used his unconditioned response of enjoying violence and attempted to correct it by injecting him with a nauseating inducing drug before being shown violent acts. In turn while watching the violent acts Alex began to learn the conditioned response that while he watched violent nature he would feel a wave of immense sickness overwhelm him. While the effects of the drug were the most prevalent Alex was shown films of graphic nature that included rape, murders, and all of the old activities of Alexs past that he used to take pleasure in. All the while, Alex listened to the music of Ludwig von Beethoven during the films in the background. Strangely enough to Alex, he begins to feel an overwhelming feeling that he simply wants to die a calm and painless death despite the fact that Beethoven had once been his favorite composer and that violence once gave him a euphoric feeling. The combination of music the nauseating feeling became the conditioned stimulus which means that they were the new stimulus that induced the conditioned response for Alex to not partake in violence. After many sessions involving this nauseating feeling associated with the violent images, Alex was released back into society and claimed to be completely cured. A simple cure was impossibility due to the fact that those who Alex had hurt in his life such as the homeless man, his groogs, and the crippled old man still had the feelings of resentment toward him. The old man began to beat on Alex with the help of the other homeless people and Alex could do nothing to defend himself but instead sat there being beaten and regaining that nauseating feeling while wanting to die due to his conditioned response. Eventually, Alex coincidentally returns to the home where he had previously raped the woman and her crippled husband recognizes Alex; he locks Alex in a room with the music of Beethoven that was played during the violent images. This unconditioned response causes Alex to go insane without having seen any violence at all. This response is a result of classical conditioning is the result that what had once prepared Alex to watch violent images now cause Alex the same feelings whether or not he is viewing the images. While in the room Alex goes to the extreme and attempts to commit suicide. This does not work and Alex is treated at the local hospital while those in charge of his classical conditioning responses were reprimanded for an inhumane process and treatment. The movie does not directly state, but it leads one to believe that Alex had some type of brain surgery to reverse his classical conditioning effects. It does not appear as though any type of extinction or a removal of the classical conditioning through any other experiments other than surgery (Kalat 210). Soon Alex is back to his old ways of demoralizing women and undisturbed by his thoughts of ultra-violence. It is evident that through this film the idea of classical conditioning being used to reprimand a human or try and change characteristics are futile. While the classical conditioning worked, it may be said that it worked too well and that Alex was unable to be reintroduced into a society where there is a constant negative reinforcement for what he sees. Even if Alex is not actively participating in the violent acts he still is negatively reinforced causing him suicidal thoughts and actions. The problem with Alexs treatment was that the only positive reinforcement, or an encouragement to achieve a conditioned response, was that he no longer craved violence or sex, although it was seemingly easy to reverse the effects of his study. Overall, Alex is a perfect case of the negative effects of classical conditioning and brings up the question if perhaps there is no simple answer to cure any disturbed individuals within a society.

The French Verb Souhaiter Que Needs the Subjunctive

The French Verb Souhaiter Que Needs the Subjunctive When  souhaiter (to wish or to hope for) precedes a dependent clause beginning with que, the dependent clause uses a subjunctive verb. It joins a long list of other French verbs expressing someones will, an  order, a need, a piece of advice or a desire; they all also need the subjunctive in the que subordinate clause. 'Souhaiter' and 'Souhaiter Que' When used with  que, souhaiter becomes souhaiter que (to hope that), which introduces a dependent clause that uses the French subjunctive.  Souhaiter que is all about the emotion of hoping.  Thus, it fulfills the subjunctives basic requirement  of  expressing actions or ideas that are subjective or otherwise uncertain.   Ã‚  Je souhaite quil vienne.I hope that he comes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Souhaitons  que tout aille bien.We hope that all goes well.   Ã‚  Il est  Ã‚  souhaiter que...It is to be hoped that... As with souhaiter que, the French subjunctive  is nearly always found in dependent clauses introduced by  que  or  qui, and the subjects of the dependent and main clauses are usually different, as in:   Ã‚  Je veux que tu le fasses.I want you to do it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Il faut que nous partions.It is necessary that we leave. French Verbs and Expressions Similar to 'Souhaiter Que' Here are other verbs and expressions that, like souhaiter que, communicate someones will, an  order, a need, a piece of advice, or a desire. They all require the subjunctive in the dependent clause that  begins with que.  There are many other types of constructions that require the French subjunctive as well, which are listed and explained in the full-on  subjunctivator  (our term). aimer mieux que   to prefer thatcommander que  Ã‚  to order thatdemander que  Ã‚  to ask that (someone do something)dà ©sirer que  Ã‚  to desire thatdonner lordre que  Ã‚  to order thatempà ªcher que*  Ã‚  to prevent (someone from doing something)à ©viter que*  Ã‚  to avoidexiger que  Ã‚  to demand thatil est souhaiter que  Ã‚  it is to be hoped thatil est essentiel que  Ã‚  it is essential thatil est important que  Ã‚  it is important thatil est naturel que  Ã‚  it is natural thatil est nà ©cessaire que  Ã‚  it is necessary thatil est normal que  Ã‚  it is normal thatil est temps que  Ã‚  it is time thatil est urgent que  Ã‚  it is urgent thatil faut que  Ã‚  it is necessary that / we mustil vaut mieux que  Ã‚  it is better thatinterdire que  Ã‚  to forbid thatsopposer que  Ã‚  to oppose thatordonner que  Ã‚  to order thatpermettre que  Ã‚  to permit thatprà ©fà ©rer que  Ã‚  to prefer thatproposer que  Ã‚  to propose thatrecomm ander que  Ã‚  to recommendsouhaiter que  Ã‚  to wish thatsuggà ©rer que  Ã‚  to suggest thattenir ce que  Ã‚  to insist thatvouloir que  Ã‚  to want to *These verbs are followed by the more formal  ne explà ©tif,  in which only ne is used in negations (without pas), as in:   Ã‚  Ãƒâ€°vitez quil ne parte.Prevent him from leaving.

Transformation in the US Military Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Transformation in the US Military - Essay Example Transformation of US military Introduction Since the 9/11 attacks, the US military has taken an active part in the political and global military activities for the US and for the international community. Inasmuch as it is considered one of the most powerful and advanced military units in the world, its vulnerabilities have been manifest in recent years. With the trends in globalization taking the spotlight, the need to introduce changes and to transform the military has been a growing concern. Efforts to transform the military have been seen in the past years and these efforts have had various effects in the way that the US military has implemented these changes. This paper shall now consider two of these efforts to transform the US military. One of these efforts is the effort to improve diversity and multiculturalism in the military. Another effort is on improvements in the coordination and cooperation with other countries in terms of military operations and issues of unrest. This a nalysis will compare and contrast these efforts and will identify two or three key factors that led to the perceived or actual need to transform, two of three key policies enacted to effect desired transformation, and the leading forces that shaped policies pursued in order to achieve the transformation. Discussion Efforts to increase diversity and multiculturalism in the US military have been implemented by the government.... This segregation created different issues, including racial confrontations within the military between 1942 and 1945 (Canaday, 2001). Despite passage of policies against segregation after WWII, this practice was still seen during the Korean War; however gradual integration was seen towards the end of the Korean War. Through this practice, the US army saw that combat effectiveness became more effective when racial integration was applied. The Secretary of War in 1963 set forth command responsibility for civil rights issues and in order to address racial tension, the military conceptualized the Defense Race Relations Institute (Canaday, 2001). This institute performed educational, training, and research functions. This institute was renamed Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute and it broadened the readiness of military readiness in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, and religion (Canaday, 2001). Colin Powell’s rise as the premier first African-American Secretary of Stat e and his rise to his current status is a testament to effective solid efforts towards diversity within the military. A major factor affecting transformation of the US military in terms of diversity is the fact that the US military has made an effort towards integrating racial, ethnic, religious, and national groups into the military practice (Canaday, 2001). Many leaders recognized the fact that with more contact between whites and blacks, the better it was for racial integration. Moreover, the military has â€Å"a bureaucratic ethos and formality†¦that mitigated tensions arising from individual or personal feelings† (Canaday, 2001). The military was also able to hold the commanders responsible for equal

Hsa 520 week 5 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hsa 520 week 5 - Coursework Example At this moment, is trend is as of now moving in the reverse direction. An expanding number of health care facilities are changing from their present best-of-breed frameworks to Epic, which is offering proven, doctor-acknowledged results that are coordinated crosswise over hospitals (HIMSS, 2010). Most of the patient data is put away in dissimilar frameworks over the health care facilities. There is a significant benefit of interoperability that is the result of the SAPHIRE project. The SAPHIRE project expects to create a smart health care check and choice help supportive network on a stage coordinating the remote restorative sensor information with doctors facility data frameworks. Thus, not just the perceptions accepted from remote therapeutic sensors additionally the patient medicinal history will be utilized within the thinking methodology of the clinical choice help supportive network (HIMSS, 2010). I would agree to Ernest Jackson’s writing because of various reasons. First, due to the growing digital society, technology has demanded that there be globalization and â€Å"villagilization† of the world. This has called for safe and fast means of transferring and sharing data from one organization to the other. This has promoted Interoperability which is the state of linking software and new systems which are being developed and implemented with multiple platforms and languages. It is also true that interoperability is facing challenges and ways have and need to be developed on how to mitigate these challenges. It is no wonder that it demands for high literacy levels and skills so that these software can be linked with the new developing system. This happens to be a major challenge since there is insufficiency of skills particularly in this field. I would again agree t Ernest’s writing on the issue of benefits offered by

The Influence Of Technology On Hospitality Firms Essay

The Influence Of Technology On Hospitality Firms - Essay Example The hospitality industry is a very wide and far reaching industry that covers many businesses and people. It has been defined as including hotels, restaurant, and all facilities that provide shelter, food, and other services to people away from home. Hence, there is an appreciation of the grand scale of facilities that are covered within the hospitality industry. This article will assess the role that technology has played in ensuring that this industry has continued to be effectively managed (Barrows & Powers, 2009). Technology in the Hospitality Industry The hospitality industry has for a long time been slow in adopting technology. Due to its sensitive nature, the hospitality firms have always been more interested in enhancing interpersonal contact with their clients rather than having technology do the same for them (Jones, 2008). The need to ensure that the clients get that personal touch has seen the hospitality industry get the description of being ‘low tech and high touc h’. Jones argues that the human interaction has remained of paramount importance in the hospitality industry (Jones, 2008). However, there has been a move towards the adoption of Information Technology (IT) within this industry. Several benefits can be achieved from the adoption of technology within the hospitality industry. ... Additionally, technology can be helpful to employees who deal with clients to customize the whole interaction process (Jones, 2008). This means that the hospitality firm will still be within its paramount goal of enhancing inter-personal contact with the clientele. Conversely, in this case, the technology will come in to enhance the whole experience making it more pleasant to the client. As a result, this will be helpful in ensuring that the firm gets a return customer. On the other hand, the customers will also benefit from the adoption of technology by the hospitality firm. In essence, they will be in a position to use technology independently to customize service delivery, and his/her delight (Jones, 2008). This means that there are cases when the customer who is known to frequently use the services of a hospitality firm gets to enjoy a form of special treatment whenever they visit the firm. The Ritz Carlton, for example, has a service, which allows it to handle sudden and unexpec ted demands of a client. This also includes arranging to have the client’s preferences of food, and other services such as entertainment provided whenever the client has visited the hotel (Jones, 2008). The emergence of the Web 2.0 has been a great influence on the habits of tourists. It has a tremendous amount of influence on the manner that they plan and consume travel related products (Fuchs et al, 2012). This means that there is a lot of potential to involve the internet in the hospitality industry. A travelling agency can take advantage of this fact to place all its packages online. With different destinations, as well as the costs of each package, a client will go through all this information, and then settle on what they think suits them. All this can easily

Fracture of Ice Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fracture of Ice - Term Paper Example Ice consists of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Water molecule has four nearest neighbors arranged near the vertices of regular tetrahedron centered about the molecule of interest. Oxygen atom of each molecule is strongly covalent bonded to two hydrogen atoms while molecules are weakly hydrogen bonded to each other. Like any other crystalline solid, ice is subject to stress undergoes elastic deformation returning to its original shape when the stress ceases or stops. If the shear stress or force is applied to a sample of ice for a long time, the sample will first deform plastically with permanent alteration of shape or simply change in shape. Plastic deformation or creep is of rather great importance in the study of glacier flow. It involves generally processes like intra-crystalline gliding in which layers within an ice crystal shear parallel to each other without destroying the continuity. During an ice structure interaction, area of high pressure form (HPZs). The HPZs are not linearly distributed across the area of interaction and varies in intensity and location in respect with time. Their formation is critical in evolution of interaction. When HPZs form near the edge of an ice sheet, they can precipitate large-scale fracture and sparling events. This hence reduces both load felt by the structure and ice sheet. Formation of the HPZs causes creation of layer damage. This layer contains fine grains that are as a result of a combination of processes such as recrystallization and micro-cracking. Pre-existing flaws within the ice may also play a role in scale effect. In nature, ice contains many flaws which may either be in form of large cracks and leads, entrained air bubbles or dirt and irregular grain size as well as composition. Point defects- Hydrogen and oxygen appear to have the same diffusion coefficient in ice, implying that the

Fieldwork report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fieldwork report - Essay Example While providing much needed support to the patient and the family in order for them to cope with the emotional stress associated with being critically ill, it has also been found that nurses and health care staff assigned to intensive care units that deal with end of life situations deal with more stress than nurses assigned to other wards (Kostopoulou & Katsouyanni, 2006). During my visit to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Hong Kong, I observed the palliative care given to patients in their oncology ward. This a mixed ward where they give care to both geriatric and pediatric patients with cancer. As an observer, I was able to see the developments made in giving palliation and what needs to be improved still. Queen Elizabeth Hospital is one of the many hospitals in Hong Kong that provides palliative care to their patients in the oncology ward. The services that they offer include providing possible placement and hospice care for patients. In providing palliative care, the patient and their families are given support for quality of life by preventing and providing relief from emotional, spiritual and physiological impacts of chronic illnesses such as cancer. ... The giving of palliative care may differ a bit in giving care to different age groups. Such as with pediatric palliative care that deals with children with the idea that children with chronic illnesses may not survive to become adults (Liben, Papadatou, & Wolfe, 2007). Education and psychosocial support is also given to patients and their families. In educating families, it is giving them options with clinical trials that can help with the prognosis of their illnesses. The psychosocial aspect helps patients and their families deal with the emotional and psychological stresses associated with being chronically ill (Chan, 2001). Culturally speaking, Chinese people find it a privilege to spend the last moments of their loved ones. This is slowly changing with the advancement of medicine and the constraints of living spaces in Hong Kong. Most deaths happen in the ICU or hospices and this has a significant impact especially on the elderly who seek palliative care. Even health care workers are aware of this human factor and may sometimes allow patients who are admitted to hospices to go home for a few days. This home leave improves the psychological and emotional aspect of the patient, but in most cases is brought back to the hospice or hospital (Ngai, Yuen, & Wong, 2006). CONCEPTS BEHIND PALLIATIVE CARE IN CLINICAL ONCOLOGY Palliative care has a significant role when dealing with patients who are chronically ill. The scope of care does not only extend to the patient, but to the family of the patient as well who together with the patient deal with the stresses and emotional burdens of being ill. Palliative care also gives importance on the role of health care workers in giving appropriate psychosocial support and exploring other clinical studies that can help in the

Analysis of Silkos Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Analysis of Silkos Style - Essay Example The writer has introduced his work by a rhetoric question to the reader â€Å"What about Silko’s Style?† putting across the argument topic. And in the conclusion gave the final appeal and suggested the reader to decide which argument is better. The piece invokes the reader’s curiosity as a question is asked and then points are laid down so that the reader is persuaded to accept the writer’s argument (Faigley and Selzer). The writers chose a direct and simple language to make it easier for the reader to understand his point. As a reader, the piece is easy to grasp the point and makes it interesting to read. The point from the first paragraph â€Å"simple, straightforward, unadorned – because she wants her readers to accept her narrative as credible and trustworthy†, was the most significant as it shows that rhetorical choices made by writers are for achieving certain effects on readers (Faigley and Selzer). The writers repeated the word rhetoric many times in the second paragraph however it does not seem redundant because they have used it carefully and in a different manner each time. Another point that is about Silko’s writing style is discussed a few times in the piece however it is for stressing the point of rhetoric choices writers make and the words used every time are different. The central point of the piece is â€Å"Textual rhetorical analysis employs rhetorical terminology† (Faigley and Selzer). As the writer used a rhetoric question, similarly in news paper’s articles, motivational and public speakers and in many literary works rhetoric question and rhetoric analysis is used to persuade the audience. This reminds of a very good orator US President Obama’s acceptance speech in 2008, in which he posted a famous rhetoric question â€Å"What is that American promise†, and is claimed that his rhetoric strategies persuade, bring home the point and convey his vision to his audience in a very clear manner and their hearts and minds get swayed (Leanne, 1).

Fieldwork report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fieldwork report - Essay Example While providing much needed support to the patient and the family in order for them to cope with the emotional stress associated with being critically ill, it has also been found that nurses and health care staff assigned to intensive care units that deal with end of life situations deal with more stress than nurses assigned to other wards (Kostopoulou & Katsouyanni, 2006). During my visit to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Hong Kong, I observed the palliative care given to patients in their oncology ward. This a mixed ward where they give care to both geriatric and pediatric patients with cancer. As an observer, I was able to see the developments made in giving palliation and what needs to be improved still. Queen Elizabeth Hospital is one of the many hospitals in Hong Kong that provides palliative care to their patients in the oncology ward. The services that they offer include providing possible placement and hospice care for patients. In providing palliative care, the patient and their families are given support for quality of life by preventing and providing relief from emotional, spiritual and physiological impacts of chronic illnesses such as cancer. ... The giving of palliative care may differ a bit in giving care to different age groups. Such as with pediatric palliative care that deals with children with the idea that children with chronic illnesses may not survive to become adults (Liben, Papadatou, & Wolfe, 2007). Education and psychosocial support is also given to patients and their families. In educating families, it is giving them options with clinical trials that can help with the prognosis of their illnesses. The psychosocial aspect helps patients and their families deal with the emotional and psychological stresses associated with being chronically ill (Chan, 2001). Culturally speaking, Chinese people find it a privilege to spend the last moments of their loved ones. This is slowly changing with the advancement of medicine and the constraints of living spaces in Hong Kong. Most deaths happen in the ICU or hospices and this has a significant impact especially on the elderly who seek palliative care. Even health care workers are aware of this human factor and may sometimes allow patients who are admitted to hospices to go home for a few days. This home leave improves the psychological and emotional aspect of the patient, but in most cases is brought back to the hospice or hospital (Ngai, Yuen, & Wong, 2006). CONCEPTS BEHIND PALLIATIVE CARE IN CLINICAL ONCOLOGY Palliative care has a significant role when dealing with patients who are chronically ill. The scope of care does not only extend to the patient, but to the family of the patient as well who together with the patient deal with the stresses and emotional burdens of being ill. Palliative care also gives importance on the role of health care workers in giving appropriate psychosocial support and exploring other clinical studies that can help in the

Irony In Nathan The Wise Essay Example for Free

Irony In Nathan The Wise Essay Nathan the Wise is a call for reexamination among those who consider themselves as having the monopoly on truth while the rest of the world are supposedly living their lives based on false creeds. The misunderstanding among peoples or nations is rooted in this perception. Gotthold Lessing’s play sought to highlight the innate prejudices of his characters’ religious affiliations and subsequently provided a pithy reminder in the form of an irony. â€Å"Ah! Indeed you do not know how closer I shall cling to you henceforth. We must, we will be friends. Despise my nation. We did not choose a nation for ourselves. Are we our nations? What’s a nation then? Were Jews and Christians such, e’er they were men? And have I found in thee one more, to whom It is enough to be a man? (Lessing)† This was Nathan’s response to The Templar on the latter’s perception of Jews. The irony is on the second to the last sentence which implores humanity to be humane or kind to others regardless of what one believed in. Lessing is contrasting people living their lives based on religions and men who are humane kind to their fellowmen. The irony is in our supposition that our beliefs save us, guide our conduct, and teach us to be human. Yet the same precepts tend to make us biased and often cruel to those outside our fold. Indeed everyone is certain that his belief is the truth among many â€Å"lies†. Sometimes it’s this self-righteousness that makes us unjust. A paradox as pointed out by Lessing. It is ironic that a play written more than two centuries still holds true today. IRONY IN TARTUFFE Moliere parodied religiosity through his play, Tartuffe. Moliere created a very witty play of witless characters-with the exception of the servant girl, Dorine and Cleante. The irreverence of the play could explain away its banning during its time. Hypocrisy is personified by Tartuffe as credulity is personified by Orgon. There are gems of literary passages in the play that demonstrate irony. One particular instance was the interjection of Dorine to Orgon who was convincing his surprised mother about Tartuffe’s masquerade. This passage in Act V, Scene V is worth considering: â€Å"You are quite wrong, you have no right to blame him; This action only proves his good intentions. Love for his neighbour makes his virtue perfect; And knowing money is a root of evil, In Christian charity, hed take away Whatever things may hinder your salvation. † Orgon and his family are about to be evicted from their own home by the unscrupulous Tartuffe when this particular dialogue was uttered. He was already at a loss of how Tartuffe could have done this to him. The irrepressible Dorine could not resist jabbing him verbally. To be deprived of one’s property is to be given the chance to be eternally saved since the thing that causes sin is taken away from you. The person robbing you then is in fact doing you a favor and the robbery itself is a result of good intentions. This may be a tongue-in-cheek line but the irony is apparent in the situation where the quest for religiosity has led almost to Orgon’s total material depravity. IRONY IN THE PRINCESS OF CLEVES â€Å"If any other motives than honour and virtue were necessary to induce you to persist in that character you have hitherto worthily sustained; I would tell you, that a reverse of conduct will disturb my happiness in a better world. But should (which Heaven forbid! ) this heavy misfortune be inevitable, I shall welcome death with joy, since it prevents my being witness to your disgrace (Lafayette). † These last words in the deathbed of Madame de Chartres were part of a warning to her daughter of the pitfalls of falling in love while married. Rather than prevent the Princess of Cleves falling in love, it further arouses in her the need to experience what is romantic and for her which obviously she has not found from the Prince of Cleves. Aside from this irony of a warning prodding one to fall into the pit of forbidden love, Madame de Chartres or Madame Lafayette treated us with verbal irony in the last two sentences. She indicated that if the Princess will stray from the marriage path, she will be unhappy. Still she added she might be happy in death since it will prevent her from witnessing that which would bring disgrace to her daughter. This strong admonition is quite consistent with how society looks upon extramarital dalliances. The Princess was only guilty of mental infidelity. Ironically, it was not only her who suffered but her mother, who died of a broken heart, perhaps from a daughter who ignored her; husband, who died of jealousy; the Duc Nemours who suffered emotionally; and finally the Princess herself who entered a convent. The deathbed warning is ironically not helping the Princess. It destroyed everybody. Bibliography Lessing, G. E. (n. d. ). Nathan the Wise. Retrieved March 14, 2009, from PDF Books: www. pdfbooks. co. za Moliere, Jean-Baptiste Poquelin. The Project Gutenberg EBook Tartuffe. Project Gutenberg, October 26, 2008 (Posting Date). Lafayette, M. The Princess of Cleves. London: J. WILKIE, No. 71, St. PAUL’S.

ATM Deployment Strategy Using Rank Based Genetic Algorithm

ATM Deployment Strategy Using Rank Based Genetic Algorithm ATM Deployment Strategy using Rank based genetic algorithm using convolution CHAPTER 4 SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 4.1 System Design Data processing can be shown by data flow models. At the early stage of examination, these models are used to show data processing in existing system. This data flow model consists of various notations which denotes functional processing, passing of data between two functions and storing data at some level. Data flow models are the step by step representation of data flow in sequence. Transformation of data takes place at each step in model while entering to next step. This transformation or processing steps are functions defined for particular activity or program. In this program functions data flow diagrams (DFDs) define software design. There are number data flow diagrams modeling rules are followed such as: 1) there should be in and out of data flow is compulsory for all processes. 2) Incoming Data is modified by all processes and they should produce transformed new outgoing data 3) data store must be involved with one data flow module. 4) One of the data flow must involve one ex ternal entity. 5) data flow should have minimum one process attached to it . 4.2 Data Flow Diagram In data flow diagrams’ data flow in the system is represented by graphical view. This graphical view can be used to represents any information or processing criteria in development of system. First step towards creation of overall system is shown by DFD which can later expand. DFDs show data processing in each function. Data flow diagrams provides information about what should be input for each module and expected output after processing as well as how the data will enter and how it is passed and where it is stored. DFDs are just used to show information flow in the system. They won’t show time required to complete the process or how processing can be done whether serially or parallel. 4.2.1 Physical DFD A physical data flow diagram (physical DFD) represents actual implementation of the system at the present DFD and required DFD can be designed as per future demands. Hence physical DFD can be designed in both forms in current position and one can build on future demands by customers. Physical DFDs describes set of data items included on each paper circulated in office and they describe truth about unique set of paper pieces that are stored together in filling cabinet. As it shows all information about data in all forms thus there is possibility of inclusion of references towards data that are redundant or copied the storage of data is implemented as tables that could be normalized or de-normalized relational database. Logical DFD work opposite to physical DFD in such a way that it tries to capture data flow aspects in system that is not copied or have redundancy. Context level data flow diagrams can be drawn practisizing it. They show interaction between external entities and system that are considered as data source and data sink. That could be helpful in drawing context diagrams. How this system interacts to external agents is designed naturally in terms of data flow between system boundaries. The context diagram denotes whole system as a single process and does not provide any information to internal organization. These context level diagrams are expanded next to generate level 1 flow diagram that represents small detailed information about the system to be modeled. Level 1 system represents ts of sub systems from which system is built that each process consists of more than one data flows which goes to external entity or comes from it and considering theses processes together forms one single system. Data stored from each module should be in order to perform its job and this defines the actual data moving from different parts of system. DFDs are important part of structured systems analysis and it is SSADM method. These diagrams provide information of system evolution in simple word to the sponsor person or end user. DFDs provide information about operation of system will complete its task and implementation details about system. DFDs of old system can be compared with new proposed system to see the output and can be used for development of system with updates. A data flow diagram provides idea to end user about the change in systems output after giving data input at modules. System development can be shown through DFD model. There are different levels of data flow diagrams and designer should show partition of system into sub systems, also the data flow between each module. In SDLC for analysis and design step DFDs are used. Data flow diagrams can be drawn by using various notations (Yourdon Coad, GaneSarson), that shows data stores, data flow, processes, and external agents. Figure 4.1:Notations used in the Dataflow Diagram In the above figure 4.1 the notations used for showing data flow diagrams have shown. It indicated the control flow of project modules from starting to end. The following figures show each modules data flow diagram. As modules include: 1) Area grid generator 2) Random population initialize 3) Applying algorithm. Fig.4.2 Flow diagram of area grid generator As shown in the above fig 4.2 data flow diagram input values are passed that are latitude and longitude of each point so that one area is selected. After that this transformation of data can takes place in the form of distance calculation. Hence the output will be calculated distance is divided into smaller grids. Fig. 4.3 Flow diagram of random population initialization A data flow diagram defines the data flow from one module to another module this can be illustrated in this system as shown in above fig 4.3. In this DFD the input comes from area grid generator in the partitioned form of area grid. In this module main function is to generate random population for each smaller grid. After the population generation for each grid random ATM machine is located. Fig. 4.4 Flow diagram for final ATM locator In the fig 4.4 DFD input taken from random population initializer module and one point crossover and mutation operation can be applied on them , once the fitness evaluation based on percentage of population is done. Fig 4.4 Flow diagram of ATM deployment with RGAC 4.3 Sequence Diagram Sequence diagram is a chart of sequence of message. They are called as interaction diagrams as they provide information about inter-process operation in order. Here object interactions are time specific. One scenario is built from objects and classes. The messages are exchanged sequentially between objects for performing particular task in the scenario. They are called as event scenarios or event diagrams because they are arranged in time sequence. Sequence diagrams consist of use case realizations built from logical of system which is under implementation. In sequence diagrams various processes or objects that are running parallel are shown by vertical lines also called as lifelines and messages exchange is denoted by horizontal arrows, in orderly fashion based on time. This can be shown in terms of graphical view. If the vertical line is object it shows a role. It is compulsory to denote instance name, if it is blank it will consider it as anonymous or unnamed instance. Messages with horizontal arrows with message name on top of arrow show interaction. Synchronous calls represented by solid arrow, asynchronous messages are denoted with open arrow and reply message with dashed lines. If a sender sends message is synchronous then it must wait until message completes and invoke a subroutine. In asynchronous direct response is generated. Such kind of direct response with asynchronous message is seen in multithreaded applications and also implemented in message oriented middleware. Processes that are performed after response to message are shown with activation boxes or method call boxes. They are present on top of vertical lines and are opaque rectangle. New activation boxes are shown if it indicates next level of processing and objects invoking functions on themselves use messages. Objects destroyed are shown with X on top of vertical lines and dashed lines are ceased drawn below. Following fig 4.5 shows sequence diagram of ATM deployment in terms of client server activity. Here Clients are user. Clients has to select initial area for study, hence first step is to enter the latitude and longitude of each location from which area is build from i.e. top, bottom, left and right corners of area. This data is stored in database and it is shown at server side for further operation. After this selection process this area is represented in terms of grids for studying smaller part of the area. For this purpose this grid is partitioned into sub grids. Now for this selected area subparts random initialization population can be done and randomly ATM machines are placed. After evaluating the percentage of population of each grid, and applying algorithm for taking more accurate points, for highly dense areas ATM is placed. Fig. 4.5 Sequence diagram 4.4 Use Case Diagram UML (use case diagrams) diagrams are type of behavioral diagrams designed and defined by Use case analysis. It provides graphical representation of functionality of system in terms actors, they are use cases and use case dependencies. The goal of use case diagram is to show role of each actor and these roles are depicted. Actors and authentication server are two actors. The interaction of user with system is done with use cases by forming topology, transmission range is selected and source and sink also selected. Actors are a person, organization or it can be an external agent/system that plays a role in system interactions. Sequence of actions providing information about actor is described with use case and graphically shown with horizontal ellipse. Following figures shows use case diagrams for ATM deployment. Fig. 4.7 Use case diagram for Initialization Fig. 4.8 Use case diagram for fitness calculation Fig 4.9 Use case diagram for ATM locator M.Tech/Dept of CSE, SJBIT 1

Can Fiction be Philosophy? Essay -- Literature Papers

This paper examines the relation between philosophy and literature through an analysis of claims made by Martha Nussbaum regarding the contribution novels can make to moral philosophy. Perhaps her most controversial assertion is that some novels are themselves works of moral philosophy. I contrast Nussbaum’s view with that of Iris Murdoch. I discuss three claims which are fundamental to Nussbaum’s position: the relation between writing style and content; philosophy’s inadequacy in preparing agents for moral life because of its reliance on rules; and the usefulness of the moral work engaged in by readers of novels. The evaluation of these claims requires a discussion of the nature of philosophy. I find that Murdoch and Nussbaum agree on the ability of literature to contribute to moral understanding, but disagree on the issue of what philosophy is. Therefore, they disagree on the question of whether certain works of fiction are also works of philosophy. I argue tha t the task Nussbaum assigns philosophy is too broad. Through the use of critical and reflective methods, philosophy should examine and sort moral claims. Literary, philosophical and religious texts contribute to moral eduction; keeping them separate helps us appreciate their distinct contributions, as well as respect their distinct aims and methods. Therefore, I conclude that Nussbaum’s inclusion of certain novels in philosophy cannot be sustained. In a recent article, Richard Posner examines the notion, advanced by scholars in the law and literature movement, that "...immersion in literature ... make[s] us better citizens or better people." (1) The focus of his discussion is a set of assertions, including a number made by Martha Nussbaum, concerning the moral influenc... ...h draws the following distinctions: literature does many things, philosophy does one thing (has one aim); literature is natural, philosophy is counter-natural; literature arouses emotion, philosophy tries to eliminate emotional appeal; literature is indirect, philosophy is direct; literature has no problem to solve, philosophy seeks to solve a few technical and abstract problems; literature is concerned with aesthetic form, philosophy does not aim at formal perfection. Murdoch says that she sees "no 'general role' of philosophy in literature" (p. 242). (15) See Frank Palmer, Literature and Moral Understanding (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), chapter 8. (16) In considering what is characteristic of philosophy, I was helped by reading Derrida and Wittgenstein, by Newton Garver and Seung-Chong Lee, (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), chapter 6.

Essay --

Step 1. Provide a summary of the scientific article addressing these questions: The publication Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society from the United Kingdom claims to be a publication devoted to a specific area of the biological sciences that aims to define a research frontier that is advancing rapidly, often bridging traditional disciplines. Hand before foot? Cortical somatotopy suggests manual dexterity is primitive and evolved independently of bipedalism, published October 7, 2103 by Teruo Hashimoto et al, certainly seems to support this publication’s claims. 1. What issues in physical and biological anthropology are addressed and why are they important? This newly published research from the RIKEN Brain Science Institute addresses a long-standing question in physical and biological anthropology; did manual dexterity evolve first in early hominins, as a requirement to make and use tools with their hands, or did it evolve in response to bipedal locomotion, after their hands were free to use? This mystery in human evolution is important to solve because by knowing what evolved first (dexterous hand or agile foot) researchers can better learn how early hominins lived and how they evolved into modern humans. This newly published research also addresses another very important issue in physical and biological anthropology; it introduces new scientific testing methods available to study evolution that can be used to re-evaluate long-standing evolutionary theories. In this case the study of comparative brain physiology for humans and monkeys was used to help establish the study findings. 2. What is the hypothesis or main question being tested? -The hypothesis/main question being tested is what evolved first, dexterous... ...arranted based on the new comparative brain physiology research methodology that was performed, and the study of the more recent hand and foot fossil remains of the species Ardipithecus ramidus support the findings. Step 2. Compare scientific article with press report addressing the following questions: How well did the press report accurately reflect the research article? I believe that the press report reflected the research article very accurately. The hypothesis was stated and was accurately answered. Is the information present correct or misleading? The information that is present in the press report is correct and does not mislead How would you have presented this report differently? The way in which I would have presented this report is I would have done more research along the lines of other evolutionary traits of monkeys and humans and then looked at

Poems: Poetry and Film Karate Kid Essay

Good morning teachers and students, our understanding of Hamlet takes many turns and the most important of these is in act 3 scene II. As a pivotal scene in William Shakespeare’s play, audiences gain an understanding of the characters and their actions leading up to this point. Many of the themes in the play come to light in this scene as the plot gathers pace and it is for all these reasons I chose this scene. Our understanding of a text is greatly affected by the context in which scenes take place. Act 3 Scene 2 transpires after a series of turbulent events and the increasing surveillance of Hamlet’s life. In the preceding scene Hamlet considers suicide in the â€Å"To be or not to be,† soliloquy after learning that his father’s sudden death was in fact a murder by his uncle Claudius’s hand. He plans to prove the ghost’s word by watching his uncle’s reaction to a play that follows the events of Hamlet’s father’s death. Hamlet also confronts Ophelia and denounces her and women in misogynous diatribe overheard by the spying Polonius and Claudius. After hearing this Claudius decide to export Hamlet to England with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, as â€Å"madness in great ones must not unwatched go†. The latter gives audiences insight to later events in the play. Context is the basis of our understanding of certain lines, soliloquies and actions and overall affects our understanding of the entire play. The ‘Play within a play’ scene is a pivotal scene in Hamlet and its significance resounds throughout the rest of the play. It is a scene dripping in dramatic irony because Hamlet triumphs over the king in full public view while Claudius deals in secret to obtain information. The scene comes as the action following Hamlet’s musings of death, and the relative inaction of the first two acts. Knowing he was correct about his father’s murder Hamlet is emboldened and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern then sets out to confront his mother fracturing numerous relationships. Furthermore, Claudius’s sudden exit from the play raises the question whether he was reacting to the guilt of murdering his brother or to the act of Lucianus, the murdering nephew of king Gonzago in the Mouse Trap, possibly foreshadowing his own death. Either could be the trigger of Claudius’s decision too have Hamlet killed in England. The significance of this particular scene is undeniable because of its importance is upheld throughout the rest of Hamlet and this is why it affects audiences understanding of the entire play. As a pivotal scene, many themes in Hamlet are present including action versus inaction, espionage, revenge and deceit. These mix into a tangible cocktail to which audiences are more likely to pay attention to and gain better understanding. The scene provides the first ‘action’ in the play after driving uncertainty of the first two acts, the audiences reaction epitomised in a player’s line â€Å" so after Pyrrus’ pause, a roused vengeance sets him to work†. Revenge is the motive behind Hamlets writing of the play. Espionage makes another appearance in Hamlet’s urging Horatio to ‘observe my uncle. If this occulted guilt do not unkennel itself in one speech, it is a damned ghost we have seen† Rosencrantz and Guildenstern deceitfulness comes to an end when Hamlet turns the tables on them using the metaphor of how he was played like a pipe then later abandoning and sending them to their deaths. The presence of themes allows audiences to make connections with dialogue and leads to heightened understanding of the play and this is why act 3 scene 2 is crucial to the understanding of the entire play. A plethora of literary devices is used throughout the scene causing the meanings of numerous lines to be left up to the audience’s interpretation. Use of dramatic irony, alliteration, metaphor, pun, repetition and others highlights lines that are of greater importance for example, Hamlet’s mocking â€Å"what, frightened with false fire! † to his uncles reaction to the murder as well as the extended metaphor of hamlet being a pipe played upon by Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. The dramatic irony of the scene is important, as it is Hamlet’s action that snowballs into the different outcomes. Hamlet’s rhyming flattery to Horatio is full of literary techniques like alliteration (need example), possibly highlighting his desperation to keep one faithful friend by his side or adoration or want of Horatio’s balanced character. Hamlets jovial punning makes light of all that said to him by authority figures, this being an attempt at showing possible rebelliousness or more likely showing his enthusiasm for the outcome of the play’s impact on the king. We do not know which part of the play Hamlet scripted so it can be assumed that some of his own feelings are showing through the repetition of love and fear whether this be about his love of Ophelia or incestuous thoughts about Gertrude. Understanding of act 3 scene 2 is crucial to our understanding of Hamlet. This is assisted through the uses of literary techniques, the presence of many themes to capture audience’s attention, the significance of these and the context in which the scene takes place. These combine to make this scene of upmost importance to our interpretation of the entire play and that is why it was chosen. 5min14secs Matt: I’ve re-worked your speech below using as much as possible, cutting out the repetition, and suggesting where examples from the play are needed to illustrate your point. We can add these in tomorrow as I want you to go through this process of selecting appropriate egs with me. Apologies for typos – something is rotten in the state of our computer (ref to the play, sorry! ) â€Å"The play is the thing in which I’ll catch the conscience of the king† [Good morning teachers and students, our understanding of Hamlet takes many turns and the most important of these is in act 3 scene II. As a pivotal scene in William Shakespeare’s play, audiences gain an understanding of the characters and their actions leading up to this point. Many of the themes in the play come to light in this scene as the plot gathers pace and it is for all these reasons I chose this scene. Too vague: needs a more dramatic opening eg rhetorical question, or fabulous quote or natty and relevant anecdote or recent current happening that you can relate to this scene to catch the audience attention. The intro needs also not to waste words that could refer to specific context, themes, dramatic techniques, particular character development and plot development. Adding language aspects into this intro may be overdoing it but the word play on the idea of the â€Å"play† and â€Å"play within the play† might work. ] e. g. Can you think of a more delicious irony or more dramatic way of catching out a murderous hypocrite like Claudius than putting on a play in full public view that shows two audiences – the court of Denmark and us – how he killed the rightful king? Especially since we know that Claudius has set up all those who are closest to Hamlet, except for the faithful Horatio, to spy on him in secret! I chose this play within the play scene – Act 3 Scene II – for a number of reasons: firstly, for the lovely dramatic irony I just mentioned; secondly, it is pivotal in terms of resolving Hamlet’s doubts and advancing the plot towards the final bloody end; thirdly, it is very satisfying drama, with lots of action following on from the lengthy musings and relative inaction of Hamlet’s famous. â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy; in addition it reflects a number of key themes and preoccupations of the play, including that of surveillance; and finally it is incredibly dramatic and beautifully written, with lots of the fantastic and funny word play, vivid images and other literary and dramatic techniques we all love about Shakespeare. This scene, as I said in the introduction, is pivotal in terms of the action of the entire play, and also in terms of Hamlet’s evolution, from inactive to hyperactive. In the preceding scene Hamlet considers suicide after learning from the Ghost that his father’s sudden death was in fact a murder by his uncle Claudius. The Ghost is a mysterious character about whom there are considerable doubts – does he represent the troubled state of Denmark following the death of a beloved and heroic king and/or does he represent H’s traumatised mind following the sort of tragedy that would unhinge most of us. [ref to a critic here? ]. Whatever we say about Hamlet and his tendency to overdo the thinking aspect of life, he does approach problems with a fair and scientific mind: he does resolve to kill his father’s murderer, but, fair enough, as death is reasonably permanent, even for Shakespeare’s religious audiences, he set up the play within the play as a kind of controlled test for his uncle, whom the Ghost purporting to be King Hamlet has said killed him: He tells Horatio to observe his uncle during the  play as well and â€Å"after we will both our judgments join in censure of his seeming†: this does indicate that Hamlet, despite his understandable hatred of Claudius, is a fair man, who is also aware of the seriousness of killing the man who is now King of Denmark. Elizabethan audiences would have recognised Hamlet’s hesitation about killing the King as reasonable, just as they would have seen his vengeance once his suspicions had been confirmed, as justified. This scene also follows Hamlet’s misogynist confrontation of Ophelia which is overheard by the spying Polonius and Claudius, who decides at this point to export Hamlet to England with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, since â€Å"madness in great ones must not unwatched go†. Since Ophelia had also been encouraged to spy on Hamlet, we now have his dastardly uncle, his school friends, and his fiance, not to mention his mother, keeping a close watch on Hamlet: no wonder he needed a theatrical outlet! However, seriously, we see here a recurring and important theme in the entire play, that of spying and surveillance. The Michael Almereyda directed film version of Hamlet with its constant CCTV cameras and Hamlet’s speaking into the cameras provide the perfect representation of the sense of inescapable surveillance that Hamlet feels he is under throughout the play. : FIND QUOTES re SPYING IN THIS SCENE. Another key theme of this play within the play scene. amd to the entire play, that relates to the spying is that of deceit, and of illusion masking the reality. The play Hamlet devises to catch the King out is called â€Å"The Moustrap†, and its aim is to depict the exact way in which Claudius killed his brother, that is, by pouring poison into his ear, not the commonest way to kill someone! If King Claudius reacts is a guilty manner, presumably this demonstrates his guilt. So Hamlet’s goal is to unmask his uncle in front of the entire court, including the wife he has won so wrongfully. Plays are a theatrical form of illusion, masquerading as reality, just as Claudius in killing the rightful king, marrying his widow and acting as a legitimate King, is masquerading. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are similarly masquerading as Hamlet’s friends, while in reality they are deceitfully reporting on his actions and words to his treacherous uncle. The play within the play traps Claudius just as Hamlet himself must have felt trapped within this world without honesty and fidelity. The theme of honesty and reliability, those qualities that Hamlet craves and finds in no-one but his friend Horatio, provides a key to a deeper understanding of Hamlet’s apparently cruel behaviour towards his mother and also Ophelia, and also to Polonius and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. â€Å"Give me that man/That is not passions’s slave .. and I will wear him/ in my †¦ heart of hearts†: Hamlet, having suffered the worst tragedy one can imagine, finds no person in his circle whom he can trust except for Horatio. [ repetition Our understanding of a text is greatly affected by the context in which scenes take place. Act 3 Scene 2 transpires after a series of turbulent events too vague – what events? References like this read like padding and markers know it! ] and the increasing surveillance of Hamlet’s life. The play within the play leads us to a focus on another potent theme of this scene and of the entire play: revenge! â€Å" So after Pyrrus’ pause, a roused vengeance sets him to work†. Revenge is the motive behind Hamlet’s writing of the play, and once his suspicions have been confirmed, Hamlet is ready to turn his vengeful thoughts into action. This scene is brilliant drama! There is beautiful dramatic irony in Hamlet’s selection of a play to trap the guilty king. And there is lots of discussion of theatrics, and how the players should speak their lines, which reveals Shakespeare’s own deep understanding of the craft of acting, the more realistic version being more like his own preferred style: â€Å"Nor do not saw the air too much with your hand †¦ the purpose of playing,.. is to hold the mirror up to nature†, that is to act as one would speak and act out such lines in reality. Critics say that Shakespeare is having a go here at the plays of Chrsitopher Marlowe and the players such as Edward Alleyn at the Rose Theatre, who was known for a rather exaggerated approach to acting. Whatever the origins of these descriptions of how NOT to act, they are very funny, and must have made an Elizabethan audience as well as myself, a 21 century lad, laugh! â€Å"O it offends me to the soul to hear a robustious periwig-pated fellow tear a passion to tatters: etc. [we need egs of each of these Use of dramatic irony, alliteration, metaphor, pun, repetition and others] Shakespeare’s literary teachniques also work brilliantly in this scend. As well as the dramatic irony, we have superb play on words combining wioth the extended highlights lines that are of greater importance for example, Hamlet’s mocking â€Å"what, frightened with false fire! † to his uncles reaction to the murder as well as the extended metaphor of hamlet being a pipe played upon by Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. The dramatic irony of the scene is important, as it is Hamlet’s action that snowballs into the different outcomes. Hamlet’s rhyming flattery to Horatio is full of literary techniques like alliteration (need example), possibly highlighting his desperation to keep one faithful friend by his side or adoration or want of Horatio’s balanced character. Hamlets jovial punning makes light of all that said to him by authority figures, this being an attempt at showing possible rebelliousness or more likely showing his enthusiasm for the outcome of the play’s impact on the king. We do not know which part of the play Hamlet scripted so it can be assumed that some of his own feelings are showing through the repetition of love and fear whether this be about his love of Ophelia or incestuous thoughts about Gertrude. Understanding of act 3 scene 2 is crucial to our understanding of Hamlet. This is assisted through the uses of literary techniques, the presence of many themes to capture audience’s attention, the significance of these and the context in which the scene takes place. These combine to make this scene of upmost importance to our interpretation of the entire play and that is why it was chosen. 5min14secs Character development – in this question